Formalization of Banking Supervision -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Motivation and Framework -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Concepts and Definition -- 1.3 Theory of Banking Supervision -- 1.4 Scope -- 1.5 Previous Research -- References -- CHAPTER 2: The United States: The First Formalization of Banking Supervision -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Early Development of Commercial Banking in the US -- 2.3 Progress of Commercial Banking and the National Bank Act -- 2.4 Dissemination of Commercial Banking Regulation -- 2.5 Organization of the US Banking Supervisor -- 2.6 Banking Supervision and Characteristics of the OCC -- References -- CHAPTER 3: Japan: Formalization of Banking Supervision Including a Reversal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Development of Commercial Banks -- 3.3 The Development of Commercial Banking Regulation -- 3.4 Formalization of the Banking Supervisory System -- 3.5 The Purpose and Practice of Banking Supervision -- References -- CHAPTER 4: Sweden: Early Adopter of Formal Banking Supervision with Incremental Steps -- 4.1 Modernization of the Swedish Banking System in the Nineteenth Century -- 4.2 Nineteenth-Century Commercial Banking Regulation -- 4.3 The Bank Inspector Profession -- 4.4 Supervisory Activities of the Bank Inspection Board -- References -- CHAPTER 5: Germany: Financial Crises and Formalization of Banking Supervision -- 5.1 A Brief History of German Commercial Banking -- 5.2 Commercial Banking Regulation in Germany -- 5.3 Creation of the German Banking Supervisors -- 5.4 German Banking Supervisors' Functions -- References -- CHAPTER 6: Switzerland: Formalizing Banking Supervision in the Aftermath of a Crisis, Better Late Than Never -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Development of Swiss Banking System. 6.3 Financial Crisis and Enactment of the Banking Act of 1934 -- 6.4 Organization of Swiss Banking Supervision Agency -- 6.5 Activities of Banking Supervision -- References -- CHAPTER 7: Belgium: Formalization and Incremental Development of a Supervisor with Increasing Powers and Authority -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Transition of Belgian Commercial Banking, 1830-1930: An Overview -- 7.3 Commercial Banking Regulation: The Great Depression as the Main Driver -- 7.4 The Belgian Banking Commission: Limited Legal Powers and Resources -- 7.5 Banking Supervision and Supervisory Activities: A Significant Extension After the Second World War -- References -- CHAPTER 8: France: Credit Control and Formalization of Banking Supervision -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Overview of French Banking System -- 8.3 Emergence of Rigid Commercial Banking Regulation -- 8.4 Banking Control Commission as a Supervisory Agency -- References -- CHAPTER 9: The UK: Financial Globalization and Formalization of Banking Supervision -- 9.1 A Brief History of Commercial Banking in the UK -- 9.2 The Long Road to Formal Banking Regulation -- 9.3 Supervisory Department of the Bank of England -- 9.4 The Banking Supervision of the Bank of England -- References -- CHAPTER 10: Drivers of the Formalization of Banking Supervision -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Overview -- 10.3 Charter Requirements -- 10.4 Banknote Issuance -- 10.5 Liability Rules -- 10.6 Ensuring the Public's Trust -- 10.7 Financial Crises -- 10.8 Economic Control -- 10.9 Financial Globalization -- References -- Index.