Climate Change and Community Resilience : Insights from South Asia.
- 1st ed.
- 1 online resource (463 pages)
Intro -- In Memory of Karl-G�oran M�aler (1939-2020) -- Foreword by Sir Partha Dasgupta -- Foreword by Pema Gyamtsho -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 South Asian Stories of Climate Resilience -- 1.1 Climate Resilience at the Community Level -- 1.2 Global Struggle with Climate Change -- 1.3 South Asia: A Climate Hotspot -- 1.4 South Asian Stories of Resilience Building -- 1.5 The End of the Beginning -- References -- Part I Concepts and Models -- 2 A Framework for Climate Resilient Community-Based Adaptation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Key Concepts and Definitions -- 2.3 The Impact Response Pathway -- 2.3.1 Climate Change Actors -- 2.3.2 Climate Change Enablers -- 2.3.3 Adaptation Gap -- 2.3.4 Limits to Adaptation -- 2.3.5 Loss and Damage -- 2.3.6 Sustainable Development Goals -- 2.3.7 Resilience Principles -- 2.4 Community-Based Climate Adaptation -- 2.4.1 Livelihood Diversification -- 2.4.2 Capacity Building -- 2.4.3 Ecosystem Integrity -- 2.4.4 Infrastructure -- 2.4.5 Microfinance and Insurance -- 2.4.6 Resource Management -- 2.5 CBA Framework for Resilient Communities -- 2.5.1 Context -- 2.5.2 Process -- 2.5.3 Outcome -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 A Survey of Community-Based Adaptation in Developing Countries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Core Properties of CBA -- 3.3 CBA in Academic Literature -- 3.4 CBA in Gray Literature -- 3.5 Barriers and Challenges to CBA -- 3.6 CBA in Practice -- 3.6.1 Urban Resilience in the Philippines -- 3.6.2 Coastal Resilience in Thailand -- 3.6.3 Livelihood Resilience in Ethiopia -- 3.7 CBA Beyond 2020 -- References -- 4 What Motivates Farm-Level Adaptation in India? A Systematic Review -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods and Materials -- 4.3 Factors Influencing Farmer's Adaptive Behaviour: Quantitative Papers -- 4.3.1 Climate Change and Extreme Events. 4.3.2 Other Covariate and Idiosyncratic Risks -- 4.3.3 Socio-economic Characteristics of Household and Household Head -- 4.3.4 Farm Characteristics -- 4.3.5 Access to Institutions -- 4.3.6 Risk Attitude Behaviour and Other Variables -- 4.4 Factors Influencing Farmer's Adaptive Behaviour: Qualitative Papers -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- Appendix: Summary of Major Findings from the Qualitative Studies -- References -- 5 A Resilience Framework for Climate Adaptation: The Shyamnagar Experience -- 5.1 The Old Guard -- 5.2 Shyamnagar: Life on the Edge -- 5.3 RAP: A Systems Approach to Community Resilience -- 5.3.1 Step 1: Looking Backward -- 5.3.2 Step 2: In the Present -- 5.3.3 Step 3: Looking Forward -- 5.3.4 Step 4: Looking Inwards -- 5.3.5 Step 5: Looking Outwards -- 5.4 Implementation of RAP in Shyamnagar -- 5.4.1 Socio-ecological History -- 5.4.2 Prevailing Challenges -- 5.4.3 Future Opportunities -- 5.5 RAP Outcomes in Shyamnagar -- 5.6 Lessons from Shyamnagar -- 5.6.1 Scenario Analysis is Useful -- 5.6.2 Visioning with the Community is Valuable -- 5.6.3 Program Density Matters -- 5.6.4 Focus on Future Opportunities Fosters Creative Solutions -- 5.7 The Way Forward -- References -- Part II Traditional Knowledge and Sustainable Agriculture -- 6 Indigenous Practices of Paddy Growers in Bhutan: A Safety Net Against Climate Change -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area and Sampling -- 6.3 Methods and Variables -- 6.4 Results -- 6.4.1 Are Farmers Homogenous? -- 6.4.2 Are Livelihood Achievements Comparatively Similar? -- 6.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 7 Autonomous Adaptation to Flooding by Farmers in Pakistan -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Context and Data -- 7.2.1 Identification of Adaptation Options -- 7.2.2 Data Collection -- 7.2.3 Data Analysis -- 7.3 Descriptive Results -- 7.3.1 Flood Impacts -- 7.3.2 Flood Adaptations Uptake. 7.4 Empirical Results -- 7.4.1 Difference in Known Vulnerability -- 7.4.2 Knowledge and Communal Learning -- 7.4.3 Learning from the Past -- 7.5 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- 8 Resilience to Climate Stresses in South India: Conservation Responses and Exploitative Reactions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 State Interventions for Resilience to Weather Extremes -- 8.2.1 Short-Term Interventions -- 8.2.2 Medium- and Long-Term Strategies -- 8.3 State Silence About Water Scarcity in Chittur and Wayanad -- 8.4 Water Scarcity and Community Responses -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Climate Adaptation by Farmers in Three Communities in the Maldives -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Adaptation and Climate Change -- 9.3 Social Capital and Adaptive Capacity -- 9.4 Study Area and Methodology -- 9.5 Case Studies -- 9.5.1 Adaptation Methods Used During the Dry Season -- 9.5.2 Adaptation Methods Used During the Wet Season -- 9.5.3 Changing of Crops to Rain-Fed Agricultural Crops as an Adaptation Technique -- 9.6 Discussion -- 9.6.1 What Do the Local Farmers Know About Climate Change? -- 9.6.2 What Do the Farmers not Know About Climate Change? -- 9.6.3 How Do Farmers Adapt to Climate Change with the Knowledge They Have? -- 9.6.4 What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of Their Current Adaptation Practices? -- 9.6.5 What is the Role of Social Capital in Adaptation? -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Climate Sensitivity of Groundwater Systems in South India: Does It Matter for Agricultural Income? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Climate Change and Groundwater Irrigation -- 10.2.1 Impact of Climate Variables on Groundwater Dynamics -- 10.2.2 Climate Change and Irrigated Agriculture -- 10.3 Study Area and Data -- 10.3.1 Description of Study Site -- 10.3.2 Data Sources -- 10.4 Methods -- 10.4.1 Empirical Model -- 10.4.2 Estimation Strategy. 10.5 Results and Discussion -- 10.5.1 Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Dynamics -- 10.5.2 Climate Change, Groundwater Dynamics and Farm Income -- 10.6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Part III Technology Adoption -- 11 Rainwater Harvesting and Rural Livelihoods in Nepal -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Technology Adoption in Agriculture -- 11.3 Study Area and Sampling -- 11.4 Methods and Variables -- 11.5 Results and Discussion -- 11.5.1 Rainwater Harvesting Technology -- 11.5.2 Socio-demographic and Economic Characteristics -- 11.5.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.5.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of RWH Pond Adoption -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Local Strategies to Build Climate Resilient Communities in Bangladesh -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Case I: Market Development and Forest Conservation -- 12.2.1 Case I: Intervention -- 12.2.2 Case I: Impact -- 12.3 Case II: Bandalling-A Traditional Approach to Reduce Riverbank Erosion -- 12.3.1 Case II: Intervention -- 12.3.2 Case II: Impact -- 12.4 Case III: Baira-The Floating Agriculture Technique -- 12.4.1 Case III: Intervention -- 12.4.2 Case III: Impact -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 What Influences Rural Poor in India to Refill Their LPG? -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Policy Evolution Towards Cleaner Cooking: LPG -- 13.1.2 Factors Limiting Sustained Use of LPG -- 13.1.3 MGNREGA a "Window of Opportunity" to Improve LPG Use? -- 13.2 Material and Methods -- 13.3 Results -- 13.4 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- 14 Small-Scale Solar Solutions for Energy Resilience in Bangladesh -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Powering the Poor in a Changing Climate -- 14.3 Homes Powered by the Sun -- 14.4 SHS in Bangladesh: A Closer Look -- 14.5 SHS and SDGs: Grassroots Lessons -- 14.5.1 Primary Benefits of SHS -- 14.5.2 Secondary Benefits of SHS. 14.6 Emerging Solar Solutions -- 14.7 Resilient Communities that Run on Sunshine -- References -- 15 Sri Lanka's Small Tank Cascade Systems: Building Agricultural Resilience in the Dry Zone -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Small Tank Cascade System -- 15.3 Evolution of STCS -- 15.4 Environmental Conditions of STCS -- 15.5 Social and Institutional Setting of STCS -- 15.6 Economics of STCS -- 15.7 Sustainable Management of the STCS -- References -- Part IV Disaster Risk Reduction -- 16 Frameworks, Stories and Learnings from Disaster Management in Bangladesh -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Climate and Disaster Vulnerability -- 16.3 Anatomy of Disaster Management in Bangladesh -- 16.3.1 National Regulatory and Institutional Mechanisms -- 16.3.2 Local-Level Institutional Mechanisms -- 16.4 Economics of Disaster Management -- 16.5 Disaster Management on the Ground -- 16.6 Stories of Innovation in Disaster Management -- 16.6.1 Empowering Women Through Community-Based Adaptation in Teknaf -- 16.6.2 Ward-Level Organization in Cyclone Fani Response in Goroikhali -- 16.6.3 "Let's Hear Rana Bhai": A Climate Education Program in Noakhali -- 16.7 Lessons Learned and Recommendations -- 16.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 17 Valuing the Role of Mangroves in Storm Damage Reduction in Coastal Areas of Odisha -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Why Use Averted Damage Approach to Measure Storm Protection Services -- 17.3 Study Area and the Mangroves -- 17.3.1 The Mangroves of Kendrapada -- 17.3.2 Drivers of Mangroves Loss in Orissa -- 17.4 Data -- 17.5 Methods -- 17.6 Results -- 17.6.1 Averted Damage -- 17.6.2 Storm Protection Value of the Mangroves -- 17.6.3 Is Mangrove Preservation Economically Justified? -- 17.6.4 Land-Use Change -- 17.7 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- 18 Using Climate Information for Building Smallholder Resilience in India. 18.1 Introduction.