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Bromley's Family Law / Nigel Lowe

By: Nigel LoweMaterial type: Text

TextPublication details: Oxford : Oxford University Press, [2015]Edition: 11th edDescription: cviii, 1127 pages ; 25 cmISBN: 9780199580408 DDC classification: 346.4201

Contents:

Machine-generated contents note: 1. Introduction -- A. The nature and scope of family life -- 1. The meaning of 'family' -- 2. The functions of family law -- B. Trends in family law -- 1. Equalisation of legal position of men and women -- 2. Shift in emphasis from past fault to future needs -- 3. Shift of attention from adults to children -- 4. Growing recognition of cohabitation outside marriage -- 5. Greater recognition of same sex relationships -- 6. Greater focus on autonomy -- 7. Private ordering and the withdrawal of legal aid -- 8. Multi-disciplinary and specialist approaches to family problems -- C. The family justice system -- 1. The development of the family court 'system' -- 2. Pressure for a family court and the Family Justice Review -- 3. The single Family Court -- 4. Governance and professionalism -- D. The internationalisation of family law -- 1. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child -- 2. European Convention on Human Rights -- 3. Other conventions and international instruments of influence -- 2. Formation Of Marriage And Civil Partnership -- A. Introduction -- 1. Marriage -- 2. The introduction of civil partnerships -- 3. The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 -- B. The right to marry -- C. The nature of marriage -- 1. Marriage as a contract -- 2. Marriage as creating status -- 3. Definition of marriage -- D. Agreements to marry or form a civil partnership -- 1. Agreements to marry -- 2. Civil partnership agreements -- E. Entry into marriage -- 1. Capacity to marry -- 2. Formalities of marriage -- F. Presumption of marriage -- G. Entry into a civil partnership -- 1. Capacity -- 2. Formalities -- 3. Conversion of civil partnership into marriage -- 3. Determining The Validity Of A Marriage Or Civil Partnership -- A. Introduction -- B. Declaration as to marital status -- C. Decree of nullity -- 1. Historical background -- 2. The current distinction between void and voidable marriages -- 3. A void marriage -- or no marriage at all? -- D. Grounds on which a marriage will be void -- 1. Lack of capacity -- 2. Formal defects -- 3. Proposals for reform -- E. Voidable marriages -- 1. The unconsummated marriage -- 2. Lack of consent -- 3. Mental disorder -- 4. Venereal disease and pregnancy by another -- 5. Gender reassignment -- 6. Bars to relief -- F. Effect of decree on voidable marriage -- G. Is there a continuing need for nullity? -- H. Establishing the validity of a civil partnership -- 1. Declaration -- 2. Annulment of a civil partnership -- 3. Void civil partnerships -- 4. Voidable civil partnerships -- 4. The Personal And Property Consequences Of Marriage And Civil Partnership -- A. Introduction -- 1. The doctrine of unity -- 2. Consortium -- B. Personal consequences -- 1. Use of surname -- 2. Sexual intercourse -- 3. Evidence in legal proceedings -- 4. Contracts -- 5. Torts -- 6. Criminal law -- 7. Citizenship and right to live in the United Kingdom -- C. Property consequences of marriage and civil partnership -- 1. Historical introduction -- 2. The modern law -- 3. Reform proposals -- 5. The Family Home -- A. Introduction -- B. Ownership -- 1. The background to the current law -- 2. The current law -- 3. Enforcing the trust -- 4. Protection of beneficial interests -- C. Occupation -- 1. 'Home rights' -- 2. Other forms of protected occupation -- D. Insolvency and the family home -- 1. Mortgages and charges -- 2. Bankruptcy -- E. Reform -- 6. Domestic Violence And Abuse -- A. Introduction -- 1. The definition of domestic violence and abuse -- 2. The scale of domestic abuse -- 3. Historical developments -- 4. Government strategy -- 5. Gender-based abuse as a breach of human rights -- B. Protection afforded by the criminal law -- 1. The criminal justice system -- 2. The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 -- C. Civil law remedies -- 1. The Family Law Act 1996 Part IV -- 2. Protection from Harassment Act 1997 -- 3. Injunctions in other civil proceedings -- 4. Forced marriage protection orders -- 5. Domestic violence protection notices and orders -- D. Remedies through housing law -- 1. Actions in relation to rented properties -- 2. Seeking help under the homelessness legislation -- E. A criminal or civil matter? -- 7. Divorce And Dissolution -- A. Introduction -- 1. Divorce before 1857 -- 2. The Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 -- 3. Extension of the grounds for divorce -- 4. The Divorce Reform Act 1969 -- B. The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 -- 1. The substantive law -- 2. The procedure for obtaining the divorce -- 3. Reconciliation -- C. Proposals for reform -- 1. The Booth Committee on Matrimonial Causes Procedure -- 2. The Law Commission's proposals -- 3. Divorce under the Family Law Act 1996 -- D. The future of divorce reform -- E. Dissolution of civil partnership -- F. Judicial separation and separation orders -- 1. Judicial separation in marriage -- 2. Separation in civil partnership -- 8. Parents And Guardians -- A. Introduction -- B. Legal parentage -- 1. Who are the legal parents of a child? -- 2. Who is the legal mother? -- 3. Who is the legal father? -- 4. Female parenthood -- 5. Overall summary and commentary -- 6. Establishing or contesting parentage -- 7. Declarations of parentage -- 8. Registration of births -- 9. Discovering genetic parentage -- 10. The legal significance of parentage -- 11. Surrogacy agreements -- 12. Parental orders -- C. Guardianship -- 1. The position before the Children Act 1989 -- 2. The current law -- 3. Distinguishing guardianship from other relationships -- 9. The Legal Position Of Children -- A. Introduction -- B. The meaning of 'child' -- C. The meaning of 'child of the family' -- D. The child's status -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The concept of legitimacy -- 3. Declarations of status -- 4. The significance of the child's status -- 5. Should reference be made to legitimacy and illegitimacy? -- E. The changing nature of the PA rent-child relationship -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The initial strength of the father's position -- 3. The strengthening of the mother's position -- 4. The increasing recognition of the child's position -- 10. What Is Parental Responsibility? -- A. Introduction -- 1. International acceptance of the concept of parental responsibility -- 2. Contexts in which parental responsibility is relevant -- B. The meaning and function of 'parental responsibility' -- 1. The need to define parental responsibility -- 2. Can there be a meaningful general definition? -- 3. Further preliminary observations -- 4. What parental responsibility comprises -- 5. Liability for children's acts -- 6. Liability for interference with parents' and children's rights -- 11. Who Has Parental Responsibility? -- A. Introduction -- B. The allocation of parental responsibility at the child's birth -- 1. The position at the child's birth -- C. Acquisition of parental responsibility subsequent to the child's birth -- 1. Acquisition of parental responsibility by unmarried fathers -- 2. Acquisition of parental responsibility by female parents who are neither married to nor in civil partnership with the mother -- 3. Acquisition of parental responsibility by step-parents -- 4. Acquisition of parental responsibility by other individuals -- 5. Acquisition of parental responsibility by local authorities -- D. In respect of whom is there responsibility? -- E. Duration of parental responsibility -- F. Sharing parental responsibility for a child -- G. Effect of third parties acquiring parental responsibility -- H. Delegation of parental responsibility -- I. Caring for a child without having parental responsibility -- 12. The Welfare Principle -- A. Introduction -- B. The paramountcy of the child's welfare -- 1. The meaning of 'welfare' -- 2. The meaning of 'paramount' -- C. Criticisms of the welfare principle -- D. The importance of an ongoing relationship with both parents after family separation -- 1. Background to reform -- 2. The section 1(2A) presumption -- E. Delay prima facie prejudicial to the child's welfare -- F. Orders to be made only where better than no order -- 1. Introduction and background -- 2. When section 1(5) applies -- 3. Applying section 1(5) -- 4. Form of order -- 5. The interrelationship of the paramountcy principle and section 1(5) -- 6. The interrelationship of human rights and section 1(5) -- 13. The Voice Of The Child -- A. Introduction -- B. The obligation to have regard to the child's views -- 1. Domestic law -- 2. International obligations -- C. How children's views are investigated -- 1. Cafcass -- 2. Welfare reports -- 3. The role of the children's guardian -- D. The child's direct participation in proceedings -- 1. Private law proceedings -- 2. Public law proceedings -- E. Children as litigants -- 1. The substantive law -- 2. The procedure -- F. The needs for and requirements of a child-friendly family justice system -- 1. Messages from research -- 2. Moves to improve the family justice system -- G. Looking after children's wider interests -- the Commissioners for Children -- 1. Background -- 2. Overview of the English Commissioner's role -- 14. The Court's Powers To Make Orders Under Part Ii Of The Children Act 1989 -- A. Introduction -- 1. The original scheme of Part II -- 2. Changes made by the Children and Adoption Act 2006 Note continued: 3. Changes made by the Children and Families Act 2014 -- B. Section 8 orders -- 1. The powers -- 2. General restrictions on making section 8 orders -- 3. Who may apply for section 8 orders? -- 4. Effect of child arrangements orders -- 5. When section 8 orders can be made -- 6. Enforcing section 8 orders -- 7. Varying and discharging orders -- 8. Appeals -- C. Other powers -- 1. Family assistance orders -- 2. Section 37 directions -- D. Some final remarks -- 15. Children And Local Authorities -- A. Introduction -- 1. Some basic dilemmas -- 2. The general role of the courts and local authorities -- 3. An overview of the development of local authority powers -- 4. The current law: some key underlying principles -- B. Local authority support for children and families -- 1. General duty to children in need -- 2. Specific duties and powers -- 3. Accommodating children in need -- 4. Secure accommodation -- 16. Children And Local Authorities: Investigation Of Child Abuse -- A. General duty of investigation under S 47 -- B. Co-operating with other agencies to discharge investigative duties -- C. Short-term protection -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Emergency protection orders -- 3. Child assessment orders -- 4. Police protection -- 17. Children And Local Authorities: Care And Supervision Proceedings -- A. Introduction -- B. Initiating proceedings -- 1. Applicants -- 2. In respect of whom applications may be made -- 3. Parties -- C. The threshold criteria -- 1. Some preliminary observations -- 2. The criteria -- D. The welfare stage -- E. Tackling delay in care proceedings -- F. Court orders -- G. Appeals -- H. Discharge of care orders and discharge and variation of supervision orders -- 18. Children And Local Authorities: The Position Of Children In Care -- A. Introduction -- B. Contact with children in care -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The scheme under section 34 -- C. Local authority duties towards 'looked-after children' -- D. Disputing local authority decisions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The complaints procedure -- 3. Applying to the 'local government ombudsman' -- 4. Children's Commissioners -- 5. Wardship and the inherent jurisdiction -- 6. Seeking leave to apply for a child arrangements order -- 7. Judicial review -- 8. Suing the local authority for negligence -- 9. Suing the local authority for breach of human rights -- E. Sonic concluding remarks -- 19. Adoption And Special Guardianship -- A. Introduction -- 1. The nature of adoption and background to the legislation -- 2. A comparison of adoption with other legal relationships and orders -- 3. Adoption and human rights -- 4. The changing pattern of adoption -- 5. Responsibility for placing children for adoption -- B. General principles when reaching decisions about adoption -- 1. The weighting of the child's welfare -- C. Adoption service -- 1. The development of an adoption service -- 2. The current position -- D. Placement for adoption -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The placement scheme under the 2002 Act -- E. The making of adoption orders -- 1. Who may be adopted -- 2. Who may apply for adoption -- 3. Consent to the making of an order -- 4. Dispensing with consent -- F. Procedure for the making of adoption orders -- 1. The child must live with the applicants before the making of an order -- 2. Notice to local authority must be given in non-agency placements -- G. Contact considerations -- 1. Section 46(6) -- 2. Section 51A orders -- H. Registration of adoption and the adoption contact register -- 1. The adopted children register -- 2. The adoption contact register -- I. The effects of an adoption order -- 1. Complete and permanent transfer of legal parentage -- 2. The child's change of status -- 3. Consequences of the change of status and transfer of parentage -- J. Offences -- 1. Illegal placements -- 2. Illegal payments -- 3. Advertisements -- K. Special guardianship -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The power to make special guardianship orders -- 3. Principles upon which orders are made -- 4. Powers when making a special guardianship order -- 5. The effects of special guardianship orders -- 6. Variation and discharge -- 7. Duration of order -- 8. Special guardianship support services -- 9. The use made of special guardianship -- 20. The High Court's Inherent Powers In Respect Of Children -- A. Introduction -- B. Wardship -- 1. Historical development -- 2. Characteristics of the wardship jurisdiction -- 3. Who can be warded -- 4. The discretion to exercise jurisdiction -- 5. Who can apply to ward a child? -- 6. Respondents -- 7. Duration of wardship -- 8. The court's powers -- 9. The principles on which the court acts -- 10. The use of the jurisdiction -- C. The inherent jurisdiction -- 1. Jurisdiction and procedure -- 2. The effect of invoking the inherent jurisdiction -- 3. The court's powers -- 4. Local authority use of the jurisdiction -- 5. Private law use of the jurisdiction -- D. Commentary -- 21. Financial Obligations To Members Of The Family -- A. Introduction -- 1. The duty to maintain a spouse or civil partner -- 2. Parents' duty to maintain children -- 3. Support obligations outside marriage or civil partnership -- B. Slate support -- 1. Tax allowances and credits -- 2. Welfare benefits -- 3. Child benefit -- C. Private agreements -- 1. Between spouses and civil partners -- 2. Between parents -- D. The courts' jurisdiction to make orders for financial support -- 1. Orders for spouses or civil partners -- 2. Obtaining financial relief for children -- E. Maintenance under the Child Support Act 1991 -- 1. Background -- 2. The key features of the child support scheme -- 3. The residual role of the courts -- F. Evaluation -- 22. Financial Remedies On Divorce, Dissolution, Nullity And Separation: The Court's Powers -- A. Introduction -- 1. The settlement culture -- 2. Development of the court's powers -- 3. Powers of the court -- 4. Application for orders -- 5. Financial remedies procedure -- B. Orders that may be made -- 1. Maintenance pending suit and legal services orders -- 2. Periodical payments -- 3. Lump sum payments -- 4. Orders in relation to pensions -- 5. Transfer and settlement of property -- 6. Variation of marriage or relevant settlements -- 7. Orders for the sale of property -- 8. Consent orders -- 9. Costs and the legal aid statutory charge -- 10. The limits of the court's powers -- C. Financial provision after divorce etc or dissolution: Comparable provisions under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and Civil Partnership Act 2004 -- 23. Financial Remedies: Principles And Assessment -- A. Introduction -- B. General principles -- 1. The objective of the jurisdiction -- 2. Fairness -- 3. Treating the welfare of any child of the family as the first consideration -- 4. Placing greater emphasis on the parties becoming self-sufficient -- 5. The current approach -- C. Factors to be taken into account when assessing what orders should be made for a spouse -- 1. Income, earning capacity, property and resources -- 2. Needs, obligations and responsibilities -- 3. Standard of living -- 4. Age and duration of marriage -- 5. Disability -- 6. Contribution -- 7. Conduct -- 8. Loss of benefit -- D. The matrimonial home -- E. Appeals -- 1. Appeal -- 2. Appeal out of time -- F. Variation of orders -- 1. Orders that may be varied -- 2. Factors to be taken into consideration -- 3. Variation of consent orders -- G. Enforcement of orders -- 1. Methods of enforcement -- 2. Attempts to defeat claims for financial relief -- H. Financial relief after foreign divorce, dissolution, annulment or legal separation -- 1. Background to the legislation -- 2. When relief may be sought -- 3. Applicants are required to obtain leave -- 4. Applying for an order -- 5. Orders that may be made -- I. Reform -- 24. Cohabitation -- A. Introduction -- B. The extent of cohabitation -- 1. Incidence -- 2. Duration and stability -- 3. Attitudes to cohabitation -- C. Defining cohabitation -- 1. 'Are living with each other' -- 2. 'In the same household' -- 3. 'A man and a woman' -- 4. 'As husband and wife' -- 5. A general definition? -- D. Legal provision for separating cohabitants -- 1. Cohabitants' property arrangements -- 2. Cohabitants' knowledge of their legal position -- 3. Contracts -- 4. Transfer of tenancies -- E. Reform of the law -- 1. Cohabitants' separation arrangements -- 2. Reform proposals by the Law Commission -- 3. Status or function? -- 25. Inheritance And Intestacy -- A. Presumption of death -- B. Succession -- 1. Testate succession -- 2. Intestate succession -- C. Provision for members of the family and other dependants -- 1. Who may apply for an order -- 2. Reasonable provision -- 3. Factors to be taken into account -- 4. Property available for financial provision -- 5. Orders that may be made -- 6. Relationship to existing agreements and orders -- D. Conclusion -- 26. International Aspects Of Child Law -- A. Introduction -- B. The revised Brussels II Regulation -- 1. Background -- 2. The general scope of BIIR -- 3. The jurisdictional rules -- 4. Recognition and enforcement -- 5. Central authorities -- C. International aspects of adoption -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The 1993 Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption Note continued: 3. Overseas adoptions -- 4. Domestic adoptions of foreign children -- 5. Restrictions on bringing children into the UK for adoption -- 6. Removing a child from the British Islands for adoption -- D. International parental child abduction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preventing children from being abducted out of the United Kingdom -- 3. Dealing with children taken to or brought from another part of the United Kingdom and Isle of Man -- 4. Dealing with children abducted to or brought from a 'non-Convention country' outside the United Kingdom -- E. Dealing with children abducted to or brought from a 'Convention country' -- 1. The relevant international instruments -- 2. The strategy and aims of the international instruments -- 3. Central authorities -- 4. How abduction applications are handled -- 5. The 1980 Hague Abduction Convention -- 6. The 1980 European Custody Convention -- 7. Evaluating the use and effect of the 1980 Conventions -- F. International protection of children: the 1996 Hague Convention on the Protection of Children -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scope of the Convention -- 3. The jurisdictional rules -- 4. Applicable law -- 5. Recognition and enforcement -- 6. Co-operation -- 7. Commentary.

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Holdings
Item type	Current library	Call number	Status	Date due	Barcode
BOOK	BAC PJ Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		3201772
BOOK	BAC PJ Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		3201947
BOOK	BAC PJ Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Checked out	03/05/2025	3101557
BOOK	BAC PJ Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		3202374
BOOK	BAC PJ Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		3101539
BOOK	BAC PJ Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		3101670
BOOK	BAC PJ Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		3202657
BOOK	BAC KL Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		1102660
BOOK	BAC KL Library	346.4201 LOW (Browse shelf (Opens below))	Available		1202412

Total holds: 0

Machine-generated contents note: 1. Introduction --
A. The nature and scope of family life --
1. The meaning of 'family' --
2. The functions of family law --
B. Trends in family law --
1. Equalisation of legal position of men and women --
2. Shift in emphasis from past fault to future needs --
3. Shift of attention from adults to children --
4. Growing recognition of cohabitation outside marriage --
5. Greater recognition of same sex relationships --
6. Greater focus on autonomy --
7. Private ordering and the withdrawal of legal aid --
8. Multi-disciplinary and specialist approaches to family problems --
C. The family justice system --
1. The development of the family court 'system' --
2. Pressure for a family court and the Family Justice Review --
3. The single Family Court --
4. Governance and professionalism --
D. The internationalisation of family law --
1. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child --
2. European Convention on Human Rights --
3. Other conventions and international instruments of influence --
2. Formation Of Marriage And Civil Partnership --
A. Introduction --
1. Marriage --
2. The introduction of civil partnerships --
3. The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 --
B. The right to marry --
C. The nature of marriage --
1. Marriage as a contract --
2. Marriage as creating status --
3. Definition of marriage --
D. Agreements to marry or form a civil partnership --
1. Agreements to marry --
2. Civil partnership agreements --
E. Entry into marriage --
1. Capacity to marry --
2. Formalities of marriage --
F. Presumption of marriage --
G. Entry into a civil partnership --
1. Capacity --
2. Formalities --
3. Conversion of civil partnership into marriage --
3. Determining The Validity Of A Marriage Or Civil Partnership --
A. Introduction --
B. Declaration as to marital status --
C. Decree of nullity --
1. Historical background --
2. The current distinction between void and voidable marriages --
3. A void marriage --
or no marriage at all? --
D. Grounds on which a marriage will be void --
1. Lack of capacity --
2. Formal defects --
3. Proposals for reform --
E. Voidable marriages --
1. The unconsummated marriage --
2. Lack of consent --
3. Mental disorder --
4. Venereal disease and pregnancy by another --
5. Gender reassignment --
6. Bars to relief --
F. Effect of decree on voidable marriage --
G. Is there a continuing need for nullity? --
H. Establishing the validity of a civil partnership --
1. Declaration --
2. Annulment of a civil partnership --
3. Void civil partnerships --
4. Voidable civil partnerships --
4. The Personal And Property Consequences Of Marriage And Civil Partnership --
A. Introduction --
1. The doctrine of unity --
2. Consortium --
B. Personal consequences --
1. Use of surname --
2. Sexual intercourse --
3. Evidence in legal proceedings --
4. Contracts --
5. Torts --
6. Criminal law --
7. Citizenship and right to live in the United Kingdom --
C. Property consequences of marriage and civil partnership --
1. Historical introduction --
2. The modern law --
3. Reform proposals --
5. The Family Home --
A. Introduction --
B. Ownership --
1. The background to the current law --
2. The current law --
3. Enforcing the trust --
4. Protection of beneficial interests --
C. Occupation --
1. 'Home rights' --
2. Other forms of protected occupation --
D. Insolvency and the family home --
1. Mortgages and charges --
2. Bankruptcy --
E. Reform --
6. Domestic Violence And Abuse --
A. Introduction --
1. The definition of domestic violence and abuse --
2. The scale of domestic abuse --
3. Historical developments --
4. Government strategy --
5. Gender-based abuse as a breach of human rights --
B. Protection afforded by the criminal law --
1. The criminal justice system --
2. The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 --
C. Civil law remedies --
1. The Family Law Act 1996 Part IV --
2. Protection from Harassment Act 1997 --
3. Injunctions in other civil proceedings --
4. Forced marriage protection orders --
5. Domestic violence protection notices and orders --
D. Remedies through housing law --
1. Actions in relation to rented properties --
2. Seeking help under the homelessness legislation --
E. A criminal or civil matter? --
7. Divorce And Dissolution --
A. Introduction --
1. Divorce before 1857 --
2. The Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 --
3. Extension of the grounds for divorce --
4. The Divorce Reform Act 1969 --
B. The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 --
1. The substantive law --
2. The procedure for obtaining the divorce --
3. Reconciliation --
C. Proposals for reform --
1. The Booth Committee on Matrimonial Causes Procedure --
2. The Law Commission's proposals --
3. Divorce under the Family Law Act 1996 --
D. The future of divorce reform --
E. Dissolution of civil partnership --
F. Judicial separation and separation orders --
1. Judicial separation in marriage --
2. Separation in civil partnership --
8. Parents And Guardians --
A. Introduction --
B. Legal parentage --
1. Who are the legal parents of a child? --
2. Who is the legal mother? --
3. Who is the legal father? --
4. Female parenthood --
5. Overall summary and commentary --
6. Establishing or contesting parentage --
7. Declarations of parentage --
8. Registration of births --
9. Discovering genetic parentage --
10. The legal significance of parentage --
11. Surrogacy agreements --
12. Parental orders --
C. Guardianship --
1. The position before the Children Act 1989 --
2. The current law --
3. Distinguishing guardianship from other relationships --
9. The Legal Position Of Children --
A. Introduction --
B. The meaning of 'child' --
C. The meaning of 'child of the family' --
D. The child's status --
1. Introduction --
2. The concept of legitimacy --
3. Declarations of status --
4. The significance of the child's status --
5. Should reference be made to legitimacy and illegitimacy? --
E. The changing nature of the PA rent-child relationship --
1. Introduction --
2. The initial strength of the father's position --
3. The strengthening of the mother's position --
4. The increasing recognition of the child's position --
10. What Is Parental Responsibility? --
A. Introduction --
1. International acceptance of the concept of parental responsibility --
2. Contexts in which parental responsibility is relevant --
B. The meaning and function of 'parental responsibility' --
1. The need to define parental responsibility --
2. Can there be a meaningful general definition? --
3. Further preliminary observations --
4. What parental responsibility comprises --
5. Liability for children's acts --
6. Liability for interference with parents' and children's rights --
11. Who Has Parental Responsibility? --
A. Introduction --
B. The allocation of parental responsibility at the child's birth --
1. The position at the child's birth --
C. Acquisition of parental responsibility subsequent to the child's birth --
1. Acquisition of parental responsibility by unmarried fathers --
2. Acquisition of parental responsibility by female parents who are neither married to nor in civil partnership with the mother --
3. Acquisition of parental responsibility by step-parents --
4. Acquisition of parental responsibility by other individuals --
5. Acquisition of parental responsibility by local authorities --
D. In respect of whom is there responsibility? --
E. Duration of parental responsibility --
F. Sharing parental responsibility for a child --
G. Effect of third parties acquiring parental responsibility --
H. Delegation of parental responsibility --
I. Caring for a child without having parental responsibility --
12. The Welfare Principle --
A. Introduction --
B. The paramountcy of the child's welfare --
1. The meaning of 'welfare' --
2. The meaning of 'paramount' --
C. Criticisms of the welfare principle --
D. The importance of an ongoing relationship with both parents after family separation --
1. Background to reform --
2. The section 1(2A) presumption --
E. Delay prima facie prejudicial to the child's welfare --
F. Orders to be made only where better than no order --
1. Introduction and background --
2. When section 1(5) applies --
3. Applying section 1(5) --
4. Form of order --
5. The interrelationship of the paramountcy principle and section 1(5) --
6. The interrelationship of human rights and section 1(5) --
13. The Voice Of The Child --
A. Introduction --
B. The obligation to have regard to the child's views --
1. Domestic law --
2. International obligations --
C. How children's views are investigated --
1. Cafcass --
2. Welfare reports --
3. The role of the children's guardian --
D. The child's direct participation in proceedings --
1. Private law proceedings --
2. Public law proceedings --
E. Children as litigants --
1. The substantive law --
2. The procedure --
F. The needs for and requirements of a child-friendly family justice system --
1. Messages from research --
2. Moves to improve the family justice system --
G. Looking after children's wider interests --
the Commissioners for Children --
1. Background --
2. Overview of the English Commissioner's role --
14. The Court's Powers To Make Orders Under Part Ii Of The Children Act 1989 --
A. Introduction --
1. The original scheme of Part II --
2. Changes made by the Children and Adoption Act 2006 Note continued: 3. Changes made by the Children and Families Act 2014 --
B. Section 8 orders --
1. The powers --
2. General restrictions on making section 8 orders --
3. Who may apply for section 8 orders? --
4. Effect of child arrangements orders --
5. When section 8 orders can be made --
6. Enforcing section 8 orders --
7. Varying and discharging orders --
8. Appeals --
C. Other powers --
1. Family assistance orders --
2. Section 37 directions --
D. Some final remarks --
15. Children And Local Authorities --
A. Introduction --
1. Some basic dilemmas --
2. The general role of the courts and local authorities --
3. An overview of the development of local authority powers --
4. The current law: some key underlying principles --
B. Local authority support for children and families --
1. General duty to children in need --
2. Specific duties and powers --
3. Accommodating children in need --
4. Secure accommodation --
16. Children And Local Authorities: Investigation Of Child Abuse --
A. General duty of investigation under S 47 --
B. Co-operating with other agencies to discharge investigative duties --
C. Short-term protection --
1. Introduction --
2. Emergency protection orders --
3. Child assessment orders --
4. Police protection --
17. Children And Local Authorities: Care And Supervision Proceedings --
A. Introduction --
B. Initiating proceedings --
1. Applicants --
2. In respect of whom applications may be made --
3. Parties --
C. The threshold criteria --
1. Some preliminary observations --
2. The criteria --
D. The welfare stage --
E. Tackling delay in care proceedings --
F. Court orders --
G. Appeals --
H. Discharge of care orders and discharge and variation of supervision orders --
18. Children And Local Authorities: The Position Of Children In Care --
A. Introduction --
B. Contact with children in care --
1. Introduction --
2. The scheme under section 34 --
C. Local authority duties towards 'looked-after children' --
D. Disputing local authority decisions --
1. Introduction --
2. The complaints procedure --
3. Applying to the 'local government ombudsman' --
4. Children's Commissioners --
5. Wardship and the inherent jurisdiction --
6. Seeking leave to apply for a child arrangements order --
7. Judicial review --
8. Suing the local authority for negligence --
9. Suing the local authority for breach of human rights --
E. Sonic concluding remarks --
19. Adoption And Special Guardianship --
A. Introduction --
1. The nature of adoption and background to the legislation --
2. A comparison of adoption with other legal relationships and orders --
3. Adoption and human rights --
4. The changing pattern of adoption --
5. Responsibility for placing children for adoption --
B. General principles when reaching decisions about adoption --
1. The weighting of the child's welfare --
C. Adoption service --
1. The development of an adoption service --
2. The current position --
D. Placement for adoption --
1. Introduction --
2. The placement scheme under the 2002 Act --
E. The making of adoption orders --
1. Who may be adopted --
2. Who may apply for adoption --
3. Consent to the making of an order --
4. Dispensing with consent --
F. Procedure for the making of adoption orders --
1. The child must live with the applicants before the making of an order --
2. Notice to local authority must be given in non-agency placements --
G. Contact considerations --
1. Section 46(6) --
2. Section 51A orders --
H. Registration of adoption and the adoption contact register --
1. The adopted children register --
2. The adoption contact register --
I. The effects of an adoption order --
1. Complete and permanent transfer of legal parentage --
2. The child's change of status --
3. Consequences of the change of status and transfer of parentage --
J. Offences --
1. Illegal placements --
2. Illegal payments --
3. Advertisements --
K. Special guardianship --
1. Introduction --
2. The power to make special guardianship orders --
3. Principles upon which orders are made --
4. Powers when making a special guardianship order --
5. The effects of special guardianship orders --
6. Variation and discharge --
7. Duration of order --
8. Special guardianship support services --
9. The use made of special guardianship --
20. The High Court's Inherent Powers In Respect Of Children --
A. Introduction --
B. Wardship --
1. Historical development --
2. Characteristics of the wardship jurisdiction --
3. Who can be warded --
4. The discretion to exercise jurisdiction --
5. Who can apply to ward a child? --
6. Respondents --
7. Duration of wardship --
8. The court's powers --
9. The principles on which the court acts --
10. The use of the jurisdiction --
C. The inherent jurisdiction --
1. Jurisdiction and procedure --
2. The effect of invoking the inherent jurisdiction --
3. The court's powers --
4. Local authority use of the jurisdiction --
5. Private law use of the jurisdiction --
D. Commentary --
21. Financial Obligations To Members Of The Family --
A. Introduction --
1. The duty to maintain a spouse or civil partner --
2. Parents' duty to maintain children --
3. Support obligations outside marriage or civil partnership --
B. Slate support --
1. Tax allowances and credits --
2. Welfare benefits --
3. Child benefit --
C. Private agreements --
1. Between spouses and civil partners --
2. Between parents --
D. The courts' jurisdiction to make orders for financial support --
1. Orders for spouses or civil partners --
2. Obtaining financial relief for children --
E. Maintenance under the Child Support Act 1991 --
1. Background --
2. The key features of the child support scheme --
3. The residual role of the courts --
F. Evaluation --
22. Financial Remedies On Divorce, Dissolution, Nullity And Separation: The Court's Powers --
A. Introduction --
1. The settlement culture --
2. Development of the court's powers --
3. Powers of the court --
4. Application for orders --
5. Financial remedies procedure --
B. Orders that may be made --
1. Maintenance pending suit and legal services orders --
2. Periodical payments --
3. Lump sum payments --
4. Orders in relation to pensions --
5. Transfer and settlement of property --
6. Variation of marriage or relevant settlements --
7. Orders for the sale of property --
8. Consent orders --
9. Costs and the legal aid statutory charge --
10. The limits of the court's powers --
C. Financial provision after divorce etc or dissolution: Comparable provisions under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and Civil Partnership Act 2004 --
23. Financial Remedies: Principles And Assessment --
A. Introduction --
B. General principles --
1. The objective of the jurisdiction --
2. Fairness --
3. Treating the welfare of any child of the family as the first consideration --
4. Placing greater emphasis on the parties becoming self-sufficient --
5. The current approach --
C. Factors to be taken into account when assessing what orders should be made for a spouse --
1. Income, earning capacity, property and resources --
2. Needs, obligations and responsibilities --
3. Standard of living --
4. Age and duration of marriage --
5. Disability --
6. Contribution --
7. Conduct --
8. Loss of benefit --
D. The matrimonial home --
E. Appeals --
1. Appeal --
2. Appeal out of time --
F. Variation of orders --
1. Orders that may be varied --
2. Factors to be taken into consideration --
3. Variation of consent orders --
G. Enforcement of orders --
1. Methods of enforcement --
2. Attempts to defeat claims for financial relief --
H. Financial relief after foreign divorce, dissolution, annulment or legal separation --
1. Background to the legislation --
2. When relief may be sought --
3. Applicants are required to obtain leave --
4. Applying for an order --
5. Orders that may be made --
I. Reform --
24. Cohabitation --
A. Introduction --
B. The extent of cohabitation --
1. Incidence --
2. Duration and stability --
3. Attitudes to cohabitation --
C. Defining cohabitation --
1. 'Are living with each other' --
2. 'In the same household' --
3. 'A man and a woman' --
4. 'As husband and wife' --
5. A general definition? --
D. Legal provision for separating cohabitants --
1. Cohabitants' property arrangements --
2. Cohabitants' knowledge of their legal position --
3. Contracts --
4. Transfer of tenancies --
E. Reform of the law --
1. Cohabitants' separation arrangements --
2. Reform proposals by the Law Commission --
3. Status or function? --
25. Inheritance And Intestacy --
A. Presumption of death --
B. Succession --
1. Testate succession --
2. Intestate succession --
C. Provision for members of the family and other dependants --
1. Who may apply for an order --
2. Reasonable provision --
3. Factors to be taken into account --
4. Property available for financial provision --
5. Orders that may be made --
6. Relationship to existing agreements and orders --
D. Conclusion --
26. International Aspects Of Child Law --
A. Introduction --
B. The revised Brussels II Regulation --
1. Background --
2. The general scope of BIIR --
3. The jurisdictional rules --
4. Recognition and enforcement --
5. Central authorities --
C. International aspects of adoption --
1. Introduction --
2. The 1993 Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption Note continued: 3. Overseas adoptions --
4. Domestic adoptions of foreign children --
5. Restrictions on bringing children into the UK for adoption --
6. Removing a child from the British Islands for adoption --
D. International parental child abduction --
1. Introduction --
2. Preventing children from being abducted out of the United Kingdom --
3. Dealing with children taken to or brought from another part of the United Kingdom and Isle of Man --
4. Dealing with children abducted to or brought from a 'non-Convention country' outside the United Kingdom --
E. Dealing with children abducted to or brought from a 'Convention country' --
1. The relevant international instruments --
2. The strategy and aims of the international instruments --
3. Central authorities --
4. How abduction applications are handled --
5. The 1980 Hague Abduction Convention --
6. The 1980 European Custody Convention --
7. Evaluating the use and effect of the 1980 Conventions --
F. International protection of children: the 1996 Hague Convention on the Protection of Children --
1. Introduction --
2. Scope of the Convention --
3. The jurisdictional rules --
4. Applicable law --
5. Recognition and enforcement --
6. Co-operation --
7. Commentary.

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