Building Resilient Migration Systems in the Mediterranean Region : Lessons from COVID-19.

Front Cover -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Main findings -- Countries' policy responses -- Lessons learned and policy recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1 COVID-19 and Migration in the Mediterranean Region -- Introduction -- Mobility trends in the region -- COVID-19 in the Mediterranean region -- Management and adjustment of mobility in response to the pandemic -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 The Impacts of COVID-19 on Migrants and Their Families -- Introduction -- Mobility-related vulnerabilities of migrants and refugees during the pandemic -- A mobile population at greater health risk -- The pandemic's economic impacts -- Annex 2A Methodology for defining jobs that cannot be performed from home -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Mobility-Related Implications of COVID-19 for Receiving Countries -- Introduction -- Labor disruptions in receiving countries -- Implications of COVID-19 for long-term migrant integration -- Openness toward migration, before and after COVID-19 -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Policy Directions -- From findings to policy directions -- Proposed policy actions -- Closing remarks -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Issues with COVID-19-related data -- Box 1.2 Data limitations in measuring migration flows during the COVID-19 pandemic -- Box 2.1 The "healthy immigrant" paradox -- Box 2.2 Refugees' access to health care in Turkey -- Box 2.3 Impact of COVID-19 on refugees in Turkey -- Box 2.4 Costs of sending remittances in the extended ­Mediterranean region -- Box 3.1 The agriculture industry in Italy -- Box 3.2 COVID-19, automation, and migration -- Box 4.1 The EU Digital COVID Certificate, or Green Pass -- Box 4.2 Multilateral public health efforts in Africa.

Box 4.3 Interventions introduced during the pandemic to simplify hiring procedures for essential workers -- Box 4.4 Measures to expand migrants' access to health care and social welfare during the COVID-19 crisis -- Box 4.5 Employment retention and promotion policies open to migrants during the COVID-19 crisis -- Box 4.6 Digital tools to support migrants' reintegration -- Box 4.7 Can diaspora engagements be strengthened in the aftermath of the pandemic? -- Box 4.8 The EU's New Pact on Migration and Asylum -- Box 4.9 The Western Balkan Regulation -- Box 4.10 The German "Triple Win" program -- Box 4.11 Improving the accuracy of migration coverage in North and West Africa -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Share of Mediterranean and GCC countries and economies with mobility restrictions, by type, 2020-21 -- Figure O.2 Land and sea arrivals of migrants at the EU's main points of entry and in selected Mediterranean countries, 2019-21 -- Figure O.3 Changes in migrant smuggling from West and North Africa since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic -- Figure O.4 Share of European countries with labor shortages, by occupation, and share of foreign workers in those occupations, 2018-19 -- Figure O.5 Share of people with unmet health needs in selected Mediterranean countries, by place of birth, 2016 -- Figure O.6 Change in employment rate between 2019 and 2020 in selected Mediterranean countries, by quarter and place of birth -- Figure O.7 Food insecurity among refugee households in Turkey, before the pandemic -- Figure O.8 ICT availability at home for 15-year-old students in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018 -- Figure O.9 Proposed policy objectives and actions -- Figure 1.1 Share of world's population, emigrants, and immigrants, by region, 2020.

Figure 1.2 Top five migrant sending and receiving economies in the extended Mediterranean region, in relative and absolute terms, 2020 -- Figure 1.3 Shares of intraregional Mediterranean and GCC migration, by corridor, 2020 -- Figure 1.4 Top 20 migrant corridors in the combined Mediterranean and GCC region, 2020 -- Figure 1.5 Mediterranean corridors with the highest shares of low-skilled migrants, 2010 -- Figure 1.6 Mediterranean corridors with the highest shares of high-skilled migrants, 2010 -- Figure 1.7 Top 20 refugee corridors in the Mediterranean and GCC region, 2020 -- Figure B1.1.1 COVID-19 tests per million people per day, by extended Mediterranean subregion, February 2020 to October 2021 -- Figure B1.1.2 Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases in relation to daily tests, extended Mediterranean versus non-extended Mediterranean regions, January 2020 to October 2021 -- Figure 1.8 Share of Mediterranean and GCC countries and economies with mobility restrictions, by type, 2020-21 -- Figure 1.9 Flights in the Mediterranean region, by subregion, October 2019 to October 2021 -- Figure 1.10 First-instance asylum applications in selected European Mediterranean countries, 2019 to 2021 -- Figure 1.11 Land and sea arrivals at the EU's main points of entry and in selected Mediterranean countries, 2019 to 2021 -- Figure B1.2.1 Destinations of emigrants from Senegal, by data source -- Figure B1.2.2 Destinations of emigrants from Nigeria, by data source -- Figure 1.12 Changes in migrant stocks from selected African countries to selected destination countries, April 2020 to January 2021 -- Figure 2.1 Illegal border crossings to Europe, by route, January 2019 to August 2021 -- Figure 2.2 Changes in smuggling of migrants from West and North Africa since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, as of July 2020.

Figure 2.3 Excess mortality in France, by place of origin, March to April 2020 -- Figure 2.4 Share of population in overcrowded housing, by origin status, in selected northern Mediterranean countries -- Figure 2.5 Share of population in jobs that cannot be performed at home, by place of origin, in selected northern Mediterranean countries, 2018 -- Figure 2.6 Share of population with unmet health needs, by place of origin, in selected northern Mediterranean countries, 2016 -- Figure B2.2.1 Syrian refugees' access to health care in Turkey, before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic -- Figure 2.7 Inclusion of migrants in COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in countries in selected regions, as of May 2021 -- Figure 2.8 Difference in employment rate between 2019 and 2020, by quarter and place of origin, in selected northern Mediterranean countries -- Figure 2.9 Share of the employed population who can work from home, by place of origin, in selected Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean countries, 2020 -- Figure B2.3.1 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Syrian-run and native-run businesses in Turkey, May 2020 -- Figure B2.3.2 Food insecurity among refugee households in Turkey -- Figure 2.10 Relative poverty rates of selected EU Mediterranean countries, by population origin category, 2016 -- Figure 2.11 Remittances as a share of GDP in selected regions, by country or economy, 2020 -- Figure 2.12 Share of people able to work from home in Morocco and the Arab Republic of Egypt, by income quartile, 2020 to 2021 -- Figure B2.4.1 Corridors with the highest and lowest remittance transmission costs in the Mediterranean and GCC region, third quarter of 2020 -- Figure 2.13 Change in remittances to selected southern Mediterranean countries and economies, 2019-20.

Figure 3.1 Share of foreigners in key occupations, by place of birth, in selected northern Mediterranean EU countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.2 Share of European countries with labor shortages, by occupation, and share of foreigners in those occupations, 2018 to 2019 -- Figure B3.1.1 Top providers of agricultural workers to Italy, by country of origin, 2017 -- Figure B3.1.2 Percentage change in migrant agricultural workers in Italy, by country of origin, 2008 to 2017 -- Figure 3.3 Share of 15-year-old students whose mother tongue differs from the language of instruction at school in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.4 Share of 15-year-old students who are socioeconomically disadvantaged in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.5 ICT availability at home for 15-year-old students in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.7 Public opinion toward immigration in EU Mediterranean countries, by type of immigrant, 2002 to 2018 -- Figure 3.6 Correlation between share of telework jobs among natives and share of immigrants across NUTS2 regions of EU countries, 2018 -- Figure 4.1 Proposed policy objectives and actions -- Maps -- Map 1.1 The extended Mediterranean region -- Map 1.2 Cumulative COVID-19 cases per capita, by country, January 2020 to December 2021 -- Tables -- Table 2.1 Health care coverage of foreign workers in selected ­northern Mediterranean EU countries, 2020 -- Table 2.2 Health care coverage of foreign workers in selected southern Mediterranean and GCC countries, 2019 -- Table 2.3 Unemployment insurance coverage of foreign workers in selected northern ­Mediterranean EU countries, 2020.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.