Green Infrastructure and Climate Change Adaptation : Function, Implementation and Governance.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- References -- Part I Concept and Synthesis -- 2 Concept and Application of Green and Hybrid Infrastructure -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conceptual Framework for Hybrid Infrastructure -- 2.3 Attenuation of Flood Peaks by Forest and Wetland Ecosystems (Examples of GI-1 in Fig. 2.4c) -- 2.4 Traditional Measures Against Large Floods (Examples of GI-2) -- 2.4.1 Discontinuous Levees -- 2.4.2 Overflow Embankment -- 2.4.3 Flood Protection Forest -- 2.5 Hybrid Infrastructure at Watershed Scale -- 2.6 Green Infrastructure Functioning as Ecological Networks -- 2.7 Important Points for Planning, Implementation, and Governance of GI -- References -- 3 An Economic Analysis of Optimal Hybrid Infrastructure: A Theoretical Approach in a Hydro-Economic Model -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Green, Gray, and Hybrid Infrastructures -- 3.2.1 Green Infrastructure -- 3.2.2 Gray Infrastructure -- 3.2.3 Hybrid Infrastructure -- 3.2.4 Ratios of Prevented Hazard by GNI and GYI -- 3.3 Optimal Hybrid Infrastructure -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Flood Management Policy in Shiga Prefecture, Japan: Implementation Approach of a Risk-Based Flood Management System at Catchment Scale -- 4.1 Changes in Flood Risk Management in Japan -- 4.2 Flood Management Policy in Shiga Prefecture: Policy Formulation -- 4.2.1 The History of Wise Land Use and Urban Development: Hints from History -- 4.2.2 Policy Features: Process Management and Framework Design -- 4.2.3 Site Safety Level: Basic Information for Policy Decisions -- 4.2.4 Floodplain Disaster Mitigation Measures -- 4.3 Floodplain Management and Green Infrastructure -- 4.3.1 Establishing a "Floodplain Manager": Social Implementation and Points of Practice -- 4.3.2 Artificial Structures and Green Infrastructure -- 4.3.3 Green Infrastructure: The Trump Card in Floodplain Management.

References -- 5 Toward Social Infrastructure: Typological Idea for Evaluating Implementation Potential of Green Infrastructure -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classification Basis for GIs -- 5.3 Classification of GI -- 5.4 Three Dimensions for the Implementation Potential of GI -- 5.4.1 Natural Condition -- 5.4.2 Top-Down Regulation -- 5.4.3 Bottom-Up Regulation: Residential Demands and Requirements -- 5.5 Evaluation of the Potential for Introduction of GI -- 5.6 Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- Part II Forest Ecosystem -- 6 Riparian Forests and Climate Change: Interactive Zone of Green and Blue Infrastructure -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Riparian Forest as an Interactive Zone of Green and Blue Infrastructure -- 6.3 Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change Using Riparian Green/Blue Infrastructure -- 6.3.1 Maintain River Dynamics Using Artificial Floods -- 6.3.2 Maintain Riparian Forests Continuously from Headwater Streams to Lowland Rivers -- 6.3.3 Remove or Improve Check Dams for Material Transport and Fish Migration -- 6.3.4 Broaden Riparian Forests and Remeander Rivers Where Possible -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Improvement of the Flood-Reduction Function of Forests Based on Their Interception Evaporation and Surface Storage Capacities -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Rainwater Runoff Mechanisms in Mountainous Forests and Measures to Improve the Flood-Reduction Functions of Forests -- 7.3 Runoff Model for Evaluating Flood-Reduction Function -- 7.4 Enhancing Interception Evaporation Capacity Through Afforestation -- 7.5 Enhancing the Interception Evaporation Capacity and Surface Storage Capacity by Vegetation Conversion -- 7.6 Methods and Limitations of Early Enhancement of Flood Mitigation Functions of Forests -- References -- 8 Forest Green Infrastructure to Protect Water Quality: A Step-by-Step Guide for Payment Schemes -- 8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Identifying the Problem -- 8.3 Role of Opportunity Mapping -- 8.4 How Can FGI Help? -- 8.5 Importance of Design and Management of FGI -- 8.6 Managing Potential Disbenefits -- 8.7 Identifying and Assessing Multiple Benefits -- 8.8 How to Design a PES Scheme -- 8.9 Monitoring, Evaluation and Review -- 8.10 Spreading the Word -- References -- Part III River and Floodplain Ecosystem (Including Paddy Field and Other Farmlands) -- 9 Wetland Paddy Fields as Green Infrastructure Against Flood -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Studied Area -- 9.3 Inundation Simulation -- 9.3.1 Simulation Model -- 9.3.2 Precipitation and River Discharge Setting -- 9.4 Results and Discussions -- 9.4.1 Model Verification -- 9.4.2 Surface Water Flooding -- 9.4.3 River Flooding Combined with Surface Water Flooding -- 9.4.4 Discussions -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Change in Floodwater Retention Function of a Paddy Field Due to Cultivation Abandonment in a Depopulating Rural Region in Japan -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Material and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Area -- 10.2.2 Two-Dimensional Inundation Analysis -- 10.3 Results -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Mitigating Flood Risk Using Abandoned Paddy Field Through Wetland Restoration -- 10.6 Changes in Water Storage Function with Structural Change and Their Management at Abandoned Paddy Fields -- References -- 11 Paddy Fields as Green Infrastructure: Their Ecosystem Services and Threatening Drivers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Habitat Service: Biodiversity Conservation in Paddy Fields -- 11.3 Regulating Service: Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) by Paddy Fields -- 11.4 A Strategy to Use and Maintain Paddy Fields as GI -- 11.5 Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- Part IV Wetland Ecosystem (Including Flood-Control Pond).

12 Flood-Control Basins as Green Infrastructures: Flood-Risk Reduction, Biodiversity Conservation, and Sustainable Management in Japan -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Flood-Control Basins in Japan -- 12.3 Case Study: Biodiversity Conservation in Flood-Control Basins -- 12.4 Future Issues for the Construction and Management of Flood-Control Basins -- 12.4.1 Social Issues for Construction -- 12.4.2 Ecological Issues for Constructions -- 12.4.3 Sustainable Management of Flood-Control Basins -- 12.4.4 Importance of Multifunctionality -- References -- 13 Natural Succession of Wetland Vegetation in a Flood-Control Pond Constructed on Abandoned Farmland -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Experiment Started Before the Construction of Crane Pond: Exploring the Seed Bank Species in Fallow Farmland -- 13.2.2 Experiment and Survey Started After the Construction of Crane Pond: Exploring the Vegetation that Regenerated Naturally -- 13.3 Species Composition of Buried Seeds in Crane Pond -- 13.3.1 Species Identification by a Combination of Morphological and DNA Features -- 13.3.2 Species Composition in Each Soil Layer from Different Depths -- 13.4 Natural Succession in Crane Pond -- 13.4.1 Features of Species Generated from Different Water Depths -- 13.4.2 Years from Excavation, Water Depth, and Water Quality Determine the Plant Community -- 13.5 Implications for Management of the Flood-Control Basin as GI -- 13.5.1 Management of the Supply of Propagules -- 13.5.2 Management for Suitable Habitat -- References -- 14 Biodiversity Conservation through Various Citizen Activities in a Flood Control Basin -- 14.1 Introduction: Floodplain and Flood Control Basin -- 14.1.1 Floodplain -- 14.1.2 Potential of Flood Control Basins -- 14.1.3 Utilization of Land in a Flood Control Basin -- 14.2 Asahata Flood Control Basin.

14.2.1 Geomorphological Features and Changes in Land Use -- 14.2.2 Activities in the Asahata Flood Control Basin -- 14.3 Effect of Activities on Plant Diversity -- 14.3.1 Activities -- 14.3.2 Vegetation -- 14.4 Generality of the Results -- 14.5 Activity Redundancy and Conservation Sustainability -- References -- Part V Urban and City Ecosystem -- 15 Toward Holistic Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation -- 15.1 Toward Holistic Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation -- 15.2 GI Visions and Frameworks: "Green City, Clean Water" Citywide Green Infrastructure Implementation Frameworks in the City of Philadelphia -- 15.3 National-Scale Holistic GI Visions and Approaches: "ABC Water Design Guidelines in Singapore" -- 15.4 GI Approaches: Site-Scale GI Implementation -- 15.5 Street as GI: "City of Copenhagen's New GI Street Approaches" -- 15.6 Kashiwanoha Aqua Terrace: "Closed Retention Pond to GI Open Space" -- 15.7 Minami-Machida Grandberry Park: Creating Livable, Sustainable City with Open Spaces -- 15.7.1 GI Visions and Frameworks -- 15.7.2 Design of Places and Public Engagement -- 15.8 Toward Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation: Open Space as GI -- References -- 16 Changes in the Use of Green Spaces by Citizens Before and During the First COVID-19 Pandemic: A Big Data Analysis Using Mobile-Tracking GPS Data in Kanazawa, Japan -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Materials and Methods -- 16.2.1 Study Area -- 16.2.2 The GPS Data and Sample -- 16.2.3 Analysis Methods -- 16.2.3.1 Behavioral Changes of Kanazawa Citizens -- 16.2.3.2 Percentage Increase/Decrease in the Number of Visits to each Green Space and Distance Traveled -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.3.1 General Change of Activity Pattern -- 16.3.2 Average Number of Outings and Total Time Spent out of the House per Day -- 16.3.3 Maximum Distance Traveled per Day.

16.3.4 Number of Outings by Means of Transportation.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.