How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? : A Practical Guide.

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Why This Book? -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Authors and Coauthors -- Authors -- R.L. Sapra -- Ishwar Verma -- Veronica Arora -- Kusum Verma -- Coauthors -- Amira Khan -- Sana Saeed -- Khadija Humayun -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Academic Medicine and the Social Determinants of Health -- 1.1 What Is Academic Medicine? -- 1.2 What Are the Social Determinants of Health? -- 1.3 How Can Physicians Help Address Social Determinants of Health? -- 1.4 What Are Boyer's Principles of Academic Scholarship? -- 1.5 What Can Be the Role of Academic Medicine in Addressing Social Determinants of Health? -- 1.6 Boyer's Principles of Academic Scholarship, Academic Medicine, and Social Determinants of Health -- 1.7 What Is the Way Forward? -- References -- Part II: Background -- 2: Why Should We Publish Papers? -- 2.1 What Is Academic Medicine? -- 2.2 What Are the Duties of a Doctor in an Academic Institution? -- 2.3 Is Publication in Medical Journals a New Phenomenon? -- 2.4 What Are the Main Reasons for Publications? -- 2.5 Are There Any Other Reasons for Publications? -- 2.6 Does Publishing Negative Studies Also Give You Fame? -- 2.7 Fraudulent Publication and the Case of Dr. John Darsee? -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Overcoming the Initial Barriers to Publication and the Role of the Mentors? -- 3.1 What Is India's Contribution to the World's Medical Publications? -- 3.2 Are the Numbers of Publications from India Increasing? -- 3.3 Is Quantity or Quality More Important in Publications? -- 3.4 Should Faculty and Students from All Medical Colleges Publish Papers. Does this Not Detract from Patient Care and Teaching? -- 3.5 How Much Does the Private Sector Contribute Towards Research?.

3.6 Is the Recent Medical Council of India (MCI) Rule Linking Publications to Faculty Promotion the Main Reason for the Surge in Publication Numbers? -- 3.7 Can We Expect India's Unique Health Issues to Be Solved By the Developed World? -- 3.8 What Are the Various Barriers to Quality Publication Output from India? -- 3.9 How Can a Clinician Take Out Time from His/Her Schedule for Publication? -- 3.10 Do Our Institutes Lack the Infrastructure for Research and Publication? -- 3.11 Do We Need Finances to Start Writing for Publication? -- 3.12 Do We Have an Attitude Towards or an Aptitude for Research? -- 3.13 What Is the Role of a Mentor in Publication? -- 3.14 Conclusions -- References -- 4: When Should We Start Doing Research and Publishing Papers? -- 4.1 Is Research Methodology Taught in the Undergraduate Syllabus? -- 4.2 What Is the Brain Drain? -- 4.3 Is an Internship a Good Time To Do Research? -- 4.4 What Are the Requirements of Research During Post-Graduation? -- 4.5 How Can We Increase the Student-Based Research Activities in Our Country? -- 4.6 Are There Any Journals That Publish Papers Directed Mainly at Students? -- 4.7 How Can We Increase Our Research Output After Post-Graduation? -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Does Research Improve Patient Care? -- 5.1 Are Patient Care and Clinical Research Related Activities? -- 5.2 How Can One Blend Research with Practice? -- 5.3 How Should I Start Research in My Institution? -- 5.4 What is Evidence-based Medicine? -- 5.5 How Can Research Data Be Incorporated into Clinical Practice? -- 5.6 What are the Limitations of Medical Care in Developing Countries? -- 5.7 How Can Commonly Available Data Help in Research? -- 5.8 What is Health Outcomes Research? -- 5.9 How is Research Perceived among Doctors? -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References.

6: The Status of Biomedical Research in Some Developing Countries -- 6.1 What Is a 'Developing Nation'? -- 6.2 Which Continent Produces the Largest Number of Research Papers? -- 6.3 Latin America -- 6.3.1 How Can the Developing Nations from Latin America Be Divided? -- 6.3.2 Has There Been a Recent Increase in Biomedical Research from Latin America? -- 6.3.3 In Which Field Has Latin America Progressed? -- 6.3.4 Who Are the Regional Leaders Among the Latin American Nations? -- 6.3.5 Is There Any Data from the Medium Development Index Countries? -- 6.3.6 Are There Any Specialties That Are Producing More Papers? -- 6.3.7 What Is the Reason for the Low Visibility of Latin American Journals? -- 6.3.8 What are the Other Reasons for the Low Scientific Output from Latin America? -- 6.3.9 Are Open Access Journals the Way Forward for Latin America? -- 6.4 Africa -- 6.4.1 How Can One Divide Africa's Nations into Various Regions? -- 6.4.2 Is It True That Africa's Research Output Has Increased? -- 6.4.3 What Are the Factors Contributing to This Promising Trend? -- 6.4.4 What Could Be the Key Contributor to This Promising Growth? -- 6.4.5 What Is the African Index Medicus? -- 6.4.6 Are There Any Countries That Are Leading? -- 6.4.7 What Are the Top Diseases for which Research Is Going On in Africa? -- 6.5 Asia -- 6.5.1 East Asian Countries According to the Human Development Index -- 6.5.2 What Is the Research Output from South Asian Countries? -- 6.5.3 Can India Be the Leader in South Asian Health Care Over the Coming Years? -- 6.5.4 Among All the Developing Countries Where Does India Stand in Medical Research? -- 6.5.5 Is Collaborative Work on Research the Way Forward for All Developing Countries? -- References -- Part III: How to Plan a Study? -- 7: How to Think of a Research Question? -- 7.1 What Is a Research Question?.

7.2 What Are the FINER Criteria? -- 7.3 Some Consider the FINER 'MAPS' to Be a More Complete Acronym. What Does MAPS Stand For? -- 7.4 How Do We Break Down a Research Question? -- 7.5 What Are the Steps for Framing a Research Question? -- 7.6 What Are the Examples of Bad Research Questions? -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8: What Are the Types of Study Design? -- 8.1 What Are the Various Types of Clinical Study Designs? -- 8.2 What Are the Types of Observational Studies? -- 8.3 What Is a Descriptive Study? -- 8.4 What Is Analytical Epidemiology? -- 8.5 What Are Ecological Studies? -- 8.6 What Is a Case-Control Study? -- 8.7 What Is a Cohort Study? -- 8.8 What Are Cross-Sectional Studies? -- 8.9 What Is an Experimental Study Design? -- 8.10 What Is a Randomized Controlled Trial? -- 8.11 Design of a Randomized Control Trial (Fig. 8.5) -- 8.12 What Are the Standards of Research and Reporting? -- 8.13 Conclusions -- References -- 9: How to Calculate an Adequate Sample Size? -- 9.1 What Should the Sample Size Be for a Research Study? -- 9.2 How to Calculate the Sample Size in a Descriptive Study? -- 9.2.1 Example 1: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Prevalence of a Disease? -- 9.3 Does My Sample Size Change When Sampling Is Done from a Finite Population? -- 9.3.1 Example 2: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Mean of an Attribute? -- 9.3.2 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Diagnostic Test? -- 9.3.3 How to Calculate the Sample Size in an Analytical Study? -- 9.3.4 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Proportions(Prevalence) -- 9.3.5 Example 4: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two (Unpaired) Means in Two Populations?.

9.3.6 Example 5: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Paired Means? -- 9.4 Which Are the Free Websites/Software/Apps for Sample Size Calculation? -- 9.5 Which Are Commercial Software Available for Sample Size Calculation? -- 9.6 How Can I Determine Sample Sizes for Diagnostic Test Studies? -- 9.7 Summary -- Suggested Reading -- 10: Understanding Medical Biostatistics -- 10.1 Understanding the Basics of Biostatistics -- 10.1.1 What Are Data? -- 10.1.2 What Is a Variable? -- 10.1.3 What Are the Different Scales of Variable Measurement? -- 10.1.4 What Is the Likert Scale? -- 10.1.4.1 Example 1 -- 10.1.4.2 Example 2 -- 10.1.4.3 Example 3 -- 10.1.4.4 Example 4 -- 10.1.5 What Are Descriptive and Inferential Statistics? -- 10.1.6 What Is a Measure of Central Tendency and What Are the Various Measures of Central Tendency, Their Merits and Demerits? -- 10.1.6.1 Mean -- 10.1.6.2 Median -- 10.1.6.3 Mode -- 10.1.6.4 Example -- 10.1.6.5 Less Frequently Used Measures -- 10.1.7 What Is Dispersion or Variability in a Data Set and How Is It Measured? -- 10.1.7.1 Range -- 10.1.7.2 Interquartile Range -- 10.1.7.3 Standard Deviation -- 10.1.7.4 Median Absolute Deviation -- 10.1.8 What Is Meant by the Distribution of Data? -- 10.1.9 What Is a Normal Distribution Curve? -- 10.1.10 What Is Skewness and What Are Its Implications? -- 10.1.11 What Is a Kurtosis and What Are Implications? -- 10.1.12 Is There Any Relationship Between Skewness and the Three Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode)? -- 10.1.13 What Is an Outlier in a Data Set? -- 10.1.14 Why Do Outliers Occur? -- 10.1.15 How Can We Detect Outliers? -- 10.1.16 How Should We Handle Outliers? -- 10.1.17 What Is Data Heaping? -- 10.1.18 What Is the Difference Between a Parameter and an Estimate? -- 10.1.19 What Are Inferential Methods?.

10.1.20 What Are Inferential Methods for Proportions?.

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