Criminal Law.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Table of cases -- Table of legislation -- UK primary legislation -- International documents -- Part I: Basic principles of criminal liability -- Chapter 1: Introduction to criminal law -- The scope of this book -- What is criminal law? -- The role of criminal law -- What conduct is criminal? -- Causing harm -- Culpability -- Theories of culpability -- The objective/subjective dispute -- Other influences on criminal law -- Certainty -- Autonomy -- Political expediency -- Power relationships -- Practicality -- The reality of criminal behaviour -- The Human Rights Act 1998 -- How the Human Rights Act protects rights -- What rights are protected by the Act? -- 1.7.2(a) Article 2 -- 1.7.2(b) Article 3 -- 1.7.2(c) Article 6 -- 1.7.2(d) Article 7 -- 1.7.2(e) Article 8 -- 1.7.2(f) Article 10 -- 1.7.2(g) Article 14 -- The standard of proof -- Uncertainty -- Retrospectivity -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Procedures and structures of criminal law -- The role of the state in criminal proceedings -- The role of the judge in criminal proceedings -- Judge and jury -- The burden of proof -- Who has the burden of proof? -- The Human Rights Act and the burden of proof in criminal trials -- Punishment -- The proposals for a Criminal Code -- Further reading -- Chapter 3: The external elements -- The elements of a criminal offence -- Different aspects of the actus reus -- Liability for omissions -- When there is a duty to act -- The consequences of being under a duty to act -- Distinguishing omissions and acts -- The voluntary nature of the actus reus -- Automatism -- The definition of 'automatism' -- The consequences of a finding of automatism -- Accessorial liability -- Further reading -- Chapter 4: Causation -- The nature of causation -- The guiding rule of causation -- 'But for' causation -- Novus actus interveniens.

Distinguishing novus actus interveniens and concurrent causes -- The two ways an act can be a novus actus interveniens -- A 'free, voluntary and informed act' as a novus actus interveniens -- An unforeseeable act as a novus actus -- Medical treatment -- Acts and omissions of the victim -- Acts of God -- The relevance of mens rea in questions of causation -- Further reading -- Chapter 5: The mental element -- Mental element in a criminal offence -- Different types of mens rea -- Intention -- The meaning of 'intention' -- Intoxication and intent -- Recklessness -- The definition of 'recklessness' -- The abolition of Caldwell recklessness -- Negligence -- Transferred mens rea -- Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea -- Actus reus with no mens rea -- Mens rea but no actus reus -- 'The correspondence principle' -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Corporate crime and strict liability -- The meaning of 'strict liability' -- The justifications for strict liability offences -- Construing statutes which appear to impose strict liability -- The presumption of mens rea -- Rebutting the presumption of mens rea -- Alternatives to strict liability -- Vicarious liability -- The criminal liability of corporations -- Further reading -- Part II: Offences against the person -- Chapter 7: Assaults -- Common law and statutory assaults -- Common assault and battery -- Common assault -- Battery -- Assault occasioning actual bodily harm -- Assault -- Occasioning -- Actual bodily harm -- Mens rea -- Malicious wounding -- Wound -- Grievous bodily harm -- Inflicting -- Maliciously -- Unlawfulness -- Wounding with intent -- Maliciously administering poison -- Administer -- Poison or other destructive or noxious thing -- Maliciously -- Intent to injure, aggrieve or annoy -- Consent -- Is the consent of the victim a defence, or is lack of consent an aspect of the actus reus?.

To what crimes of violence is consent a defence? -- When will belief in consent provide a defence? -- What is consent? -- Reform of consent -- Spreading infectious diseases -- Chastisement of children -- Assault with intent to rob -- Assault with intent to resist arrest -- Assaulting, resisting and wilfully obstructing a police constable -- Protection from Harassment Act 1997 -- Harassment -- Harassment designed to prevent lawful conduct -- Creation of fear of violence -- Stalking -- Coercive control -- Racially aggravated assaults -- Reform of offences against the person -- Further reading -- Chapter 8: Sexual offences -- The scope of sexual offences -- Rape: the general definition -- Rape: the penetration requirement -- Rape: consent -- The conclusive presumption of no consent -- Evidential presumptions of no consent -- Consent: the general meaning -- Rape: an intent to penetrate -- Rape: lack of reasonable belief in consent -- Assault by penetration -- Sexual assault -- Causing sexual activity without consent -- Sexual offences protecting children from sexual abuse -- Sexual offences against those with a mental disorder -- Miscellaneous offences -- Further reading -- Chapter 9: Murder -- Homicide -- The actus reus of murder -- Unlawfully -- Causing a death -- Causing the death of a person -- The mens rea of murder -- Intention in murder -- The relevance of the mandatory life sentence -- Reform of the law on murder -- Further reading -- Chapter 10: Manslaughter -- Distinguishing between voluntary and involuntary manslaughter -- Constructive manslaughter -- Intentional act -- Unlawful act -- Dangerous act -- Act caused the death -- Gross negligence manslaughter -- A duty of care -- A breach of the duty -- It is reasonably foreseeable that the breach of duty gives rise to a serious and obvious risk of death.

The breach of the duty caused the victim's death -- The defendant's negligence was gross -- Reckless manslaughter -- Killing while driving -- Voluntary manslaughter -- Loss of control -- The defendant must lose his or her self-control -- The defendant must lose self-control as the result of a qualifying trigger -- Fear of serious violence as a qualifying trigger -- A sense of being seriously wronged as a qualifying trigger -- Would a person with normal tolerance and self-restraint have acted as the defendant did? -- Loss of control and victims of domestic violence -- Diminished responsibility -- What is diminished responsibility? -- Abnormality of mental functioning -- The effect of the abnormality -- Explanation for the acts -- Diminished responsibility and intoxication -- Why is diminished responsibility a defence? -- Suicide pact -- Infanticide -- Causing or allowing the death of or serious physical harm to a child or vulnerable adult -- Criticisms and reform of involuntary manslaughter -- Further reading -- Part III: Offences against property -- Chapter 11: Theft -- Property offences -- The definition of theft -- Appropriation -- Is it necessary for a defendant to appropriate all of the owner's rights? -- Is it possible to appropriate by omission? -- Is it possible to appropriate property honestly? -- Can appropriation only involve the defendant acting without the consent of the owner? -- Can there be appropriation where the transaction constituted a valid gift? -- Does a defendant continue to appropriate property whenever he assumes the rights of an owner? -- Does a purchaser of stolen property appropriate it? -- Property -- The item is not property in the eyes of the law -- Where an item is property but cannot be stolen because of section 4 -- Belonging to another -- The property belongs to no one.

Where the victim has a right of possession or control -- The victim has a proprietary right or interest -- The victim is a company, partnership or trust -- Where ownership passes in circumstances suggesting that the defendant was dishonest -- Dishonesty -- Section 2(1) Theft Act 1968 -- Section 2(2) Theft Act 1968 -- The common law interpretation of dishonesty -- Intention of permanently depriving -- Borrowing money -- Conditional intent -- Borrowing and returning property in a less valuable state -- Treating property as your own -- 'Kidnapping' property -- Gambling with or pawning another's property -- Further reading -- Chapter 12: Offences connected to theft -- Robbery -- Theft -- Force -- Assault with intent to rob -- Burglary -- The essence of burglary -- The two kinds of burglary -- Entry -- Building or part of a building -- As a trespasser -- Awareness of being a trespasser -- The intent to commit a crime: section 9(1)(a) -- The commission of a crime: section 9(1)(b) -- Aggravated burglary -- Trespassing with intent to commit a sexual offence -- Handling stolen goods -- Goods -- Stolen -- The different ways of handling stolen goods -- Dishonesty -- Knowledge or belief that the goods are stolen -- Handling and theft -- Further reading -- Chapter 13: Fraud -- The fraud and deception offences -- Fraud by false representation -- A false representation -- The false representation must be made by the defendant -- The defendant must know that the statement is or may be untrue or misleading -- The statement is made with the intention to make a gain or a loss -- The defendant is dishonest -- Fraud by failing to disclose information -- Fraud by abuse of position -- Obtaining services dishonestly -- Obtaining services for himself or another -- The services must be available on the basis that they will be or have been paid for -- Dishonesty.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.