Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? : Looking over the Long Run.

Intro -- Prologue -- A Contribution to Settle the Large Pending Issue of Latin America -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 The Origins of Latin American Inequality -- 2 Part I: Looking Backwards for Explanations -- 3 Part II: The Recent Inequality Downturn -- References -- Part I: Long-Run Trends -- Functional Inequality in Latin America: News from the Twentieth Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 The Top-Income Group -- 3 Functional Inequality -- 3.1 Comparison with Other Inequality Measures -- 3.2 The Top-Income Group and the Rest -- 3.3 Wage Inequality -- 4 Regional Averages -- 4.1 Dispersion and Trend Commonality -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Appendix -- References -- The Political Economy of Income Inequality in Chile Since 1850 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Problem, the Approach, the Method, and the Data -- 2.1 Inequality and Development in Chile -- 2.2 A Political Economy Approach -- 2.3 Estimates: Dynamic Social Tables -- 3 A Brief History of Income Inequality in Chile -- 3.1 Globalization and Institutions, 1850-1873 -- 3.2 Crisis, Frontier Expansion, and Foreign Investment, 1873-1903 -- 3.3 Zenith and Decay of the "Oligarchic Republic," 1903-1938 -- 3.4 Achievements and Pitfalls of the "Mesocratic Republic," 1938-1973 -- 3.5 The Legacy of Repression and the Debt of Democracy, 1973-2009 -- 4 Income Inequality in Chile: Past, Present, Future -- References -- Using Heights to Trace Living Standards and Inequality in Mexico Since 1850 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources and Methods -- 3 Living Standards and Inequality from 1850 to 1950 -- 3.1 The Trend Analysis -- 3.1.1 The Military Samples -- 3.2 Passport Sample -- 3.3 Women's Statures -- 4 Living Standards and Inequality After 1950 -- 4.1 New Height Estimations and International Comparisons: 1951-1992 -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Long-Run Human Development in Mexico: 1895-2010.

1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background -- 3 Methodology and Data -- 3.1 Construction of the Education Index -- 3.2 Construction of the Health Index -- 3.3 Construction of the Income Index -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Consistency -- 4.1.1 Main Results at National Level -- 4.1.2 Convergence -- 4.1.3 Regional Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Inequality, Institutions, and Long-Term Development: A Perspective from Brazilian Regions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Brazilian Context -- 2.1 Some History -- 2.2 Political Aspects -- 3 The Data24 -- 3.1 The Census of 1920 -- 3.2 Land Distribution and Political Concentration -- 4 Quantitative Analysis -- 4.1 Inequality and Long-Term Development -- 4.2 Contemporary Outcomes -- 4.3 De Facto Institutional Environments and Structural Change -- 4.4 Inequality Yesterday and Inequality Today -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Historical Perspectives on Regional Income Inequality in Brazil, 1872-2000 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geography and History -- 3 Spatial Patterns of Growth, 1872-2000 -- 4 Secular Patterns of Convergence of Labor Productivity and Income Per Capita in Brazil, 1872-2000 -- 5 Factors Conditioning Convergence Patterns, 1920-2000 -- 6 Conclusions and Extensions -- References -- Racial Inequality in Brazil from Independence to the Present -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conceptualizations of Race in Brazil -- 3 Race and the Labor Force -- 3.1 The Imperial Era -- 3.2 The First Republic -- 3.3 The Vargas Era, Second Republic, Military Rule, and Return to Democracy -- 4 Trends in Racial Inequality from Abolition to the Present -- 4.1 Life Expectancy -- 4.2 Literacy -- 4.3 Education -- 4.4 Occupational Distribution -- 4.5 Income -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The Expansion of Public Spending and Mass Education in Bolivia: Did the 1952 Revolution Represent a Permanent Shock? -- 1 Introduction.

2 Why Bolivian Politics Should Matter: A Historical Background -- 3 The Puzzle: The Bolivian Paradoxical Equilibrium Between Low Taxation and Human Capital Investment -- 4 The Evolution of Public Spending in Education: Was Bolivia a Special Case in the Latin American Context? -- 5 Were the Educational Achievements Revolutionary? -- 6 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- The Lingering Face of Gender Inequality in Latin America -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Approach -- 3 The Current Situation -- 4 Data and Methodology -- 5 The Evolution of Female Labour Force Participation and Education Achievement During the Twentieth Century -- 6 Measuring Inequality and the Gender Wage Gap -- 7 Explaining the Gender Wage Gap -- 8 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Gender Inequality -- Appendix 2: Gender Inequality in High Income Level and Tertiary Education Population -- Appendix 3: Distribution of the Population with Tertiary Education According to Income -- References -- Fiscal Redistribution in Latin America Since the Nineteenth Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Strategies for Tracing a History of Fiscal Incidence -- 2.1 Redistribution Through Each Year's Social Spending and Taxes -- 2.2 Non-social Expenditures and the Deficit: Investment and Redistribution Over Time -- 3 Today's Redistributive Patterns in Latin America -- 3.1 Low Investment in Future Generations -- 3.2 New Light on the Social Expenditure Side: Today's Redistribution to Rich and Poor -- 4 How Did This Happen? -- 4.1 The Evolution of Fiscal Mixes Since the Nineteenth Century -- 4.1.1 Chile Since 1842 -- 4.1.2 Argentina Since World War II -- 4.1.3 Uruguay, the Social Spending Leader Over the Last 100 Years -- 4.1.4 Colombia-Half Progressive, Half Regressive -- 4.1.5 Costa Rica Since the 1940s -- 4.1.6 Peru Since the 1940s -- 5 Summary: What the Emerging Historical Patterns Suggest.

Appendix 1: Data Sources and Notes for Table 4 and Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 -- References -- Part II: The Recent Inequality Downturn -- Inequality in Latin America: ECLAC's Perspective -- 1 Recent Evolution of Income Inequality in Latin America -- 2 Inequality and Labour Market Institutions -- 2.1 Inequality and Minimum Wage -- 2.2 Inequality and Formality -- 3 Gender and Inequality -- 3.1 Participation, Employment, and Unemployment -- 3.2 Labour Income of Women and Men -- 3.3 Women's Labour Income and Its Effects on Inequality and Poverty -- 3.3.1 Closing the Participation Gap -- 3.3.2 Closing the Income Gap -- 4 Final Remarks -- Annex (see Table A.1) -- References -- The Inequality Story in Latin America and the Caribbean: Searching for an Explanation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stylized Facts -- 2.1 Falling Income Inequality: A Break with Recent History -- 2.2 The Role of Labor Income Versus Redistributive Policies -- 2.3 Decline in the Skill Premium: A Primary Driver of the Fall in Earnings Inequality -- 3 Why Did the Skill Premium Decrease? -- 3.1 Supply-Side Factors: Rising Numbers of More Educated Workers -- 3.2 Demand-Side Factors: Labor Demand Shifts -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Political Economy of Inequality at the Top in Contemporary Chile -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Income Inequality and Top Incomes in Latin America -- 2.1 Chile as a Good Example of the Regional Trend -- 3 Top Incomes and the Political Economy of Redistribution -- 4 The Pinochet Years: A "Successful" Redistribution Towards the Top -- 5 Chile Since 1990: Why No More Advances? -- 5.1 The Capital Share and Market Concentration -- 5.2 Structural Heterogeneity and Production Policies -- 5.3 Trade Unions and the Influence of Labor -- 5.4 More Advances in Tax and Social Policies? -- 6 Conclusion -- References.

Structural Change and the Fall of Income Inequality in Latin America: Agricultural Development, Inter-sectoral Duality, and the Kuznets Curve -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Commodity Export Booms, Land Inequality, and Development in Latin America -- 3 Agricultural Productivity and the Kuznets Curve -- 4 Data and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Fiscal Policy and Inequality in Latin America, 1960-2012 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inequality and Fiscal Policy in Twentieth-Century Latin America: A Background -- 2.1 Income Inequality in Latin America: A Contemporary Debate -- 2.2 Fiscal Policy and Income Distribution in Latin America -- 3 Data and Methodology -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Challenges for Social Policy in a Less Favorable Macroeconomic Context -- 1 Improve Efficiency with a Focus on Quality -- 1.1 Health -- 1.2 Social Protection: Conditional Cash Transfer Programs -- 1.3 Training -- 1.4 Education -- 2 Promote Income Stability and Protection Without Distorting Workers' Incentives -- 2.1 Improve Protection for Job Loss -- 2.2 Reduce Labor Taxes to Promote Formal Sector Jobs -- 2.3 Promote Female Labor Force Participation -- 3 Exercise Caution with Respect to Creating Potentially Costly and Irreversible Commitments -- 3.1 Minimum Wage Policies -- 3.2 Adjustment Mechanisms and Levels for Noncontributory Pensions -- References.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.