The Plant Stem : A Microscopic Aspect.

Intro -- Table of contents -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preparation techniques - Making anatomical structures visible -- 3. Morphology of the plant body - Tried and tested for 400 million years -- 3.1 Growth forms and life forms -- 3.2 Parts of the stem and definition of bark terms -- 4. Cellular composition of the plant body -- 4.1 The individual cell -- 4.2 Meristematic initials - The source of new cells -- 4.3 The cuticula - Protection against dehydration -- 4.4 Epidermis - The skin of plants -- 4.5 Collenchyma - Local peripheral stability -- 4.6 Parenchyma cells - Storage and repair -- 4.7 Fibers and tracheids - Stabilisation and water conduction -- 4.8 Sclereids in the bark - Extraordinary cell-wall thickening -- 4.9 Vessels - Water conduction -- 4.10 Cork cells - Defense against organisms, heat and cold -- 4.11 Sieve cells, sieve tubes and companion cells - Conduction of assimilates -- 4.12 Secretory cells - Defense -- 4.13 Intercellulars and aerenchyma - Air circulation within the plant -- 5. Structure of the cell wall and cell contents -- 5.1 Principal cell-wall structure - Form and stability -- 5.2 Pits - Lateral contact between cells -- 5.3 Perforation plates - Axial contact between vessels -- 5.4 Helical thickenings - Special wall thickenings -- 5.5 Tyloses - Permanent interruption of water flow -- 5.6 Cell contents - Everything inside the cell wall -- 5.6.1 Nuclei in protoplasts - Metabolic centers of the plant cells -- 5.6.2 Plastids - Green, yellow and white bodies -- 5.6.3 Starch grains - Stored energy -- 5.6.4 Crystals in vacuoles - Regulators and metabolic waste -- 5.6.5 Stained substances within the stem - Defense -- 6. Primary, secondary and tertiary meristems -- 6.1 Primary meristems in apical zones - Initials of longitudinal and radial growth.

6.1.1 Macroscopic aspect of primary meristems in apical shoots and roots - Grow higher, grow deeper -- 6.1.2 Apical shoot dynamics - Long and short shoots - Grow fast, grow slow -- 6.1.3 Shoot death and metamorphosis - The end of longitudinal growth: Twigs must die -- 6.1.4 Microscopic aspect of apical meristems of shoots and roots - Towards heaven and earth -- 6.1.5 From primary apical meristem to secondary lateral meristems in shoots - From longitudinal to radial growth -- 6.1.6 From primary apical meristem to secondary lateral meristems in roots - From longitudinal to radial growth -- 6.1.7 From primary apical meristem in shoots to roots in plants without cambium (monocotyledons) -- 6.1.8 From primary apical meristem in shoots to roots in vascular spore plants -- 6.1.9 Pericycle and endodermis - Separation of central cylinder and cortex -- 6.2 Secondary and tertiary meristems and radial growth - Cambium and cork cambium -- 6.2.1 Macroscopic aspect of radial growth and xylem coloration - Stems get thicker -- 6.2.2 Microscopic aspect of radial growth (conifers, dicotyledonous plants and palm ferns) - An overview -- 6.2.3 Production and enlargement of new cells in the xylem of a thickening stem - The need for more and larger cells -- 6.2.4 Cell formation and differentiation in the xylem - The multifunctional stem center -- 6.2.5 Timing of xylem formation -- 6.2.6 Cell differentiation in the phloem - The multifunctional stem periphery -- 6.2.7 Formation of tertiary meristems, the cork cambium - A new skin -- 6.2.8 Life span and death of cells - Cells must die -- 6.3 Cambial variants - Phloem elements within the xylem -- 6.4 Intercalary meristems - Longitudinal growth far behind the tips in shoots and roots -- 7. Stem anatomical structures of major taxonomic units -- 7.1 Stem-forming fungi and algae -- 7.1.1 Sporophytes of fungi.

7.1.2 Thalli and stems of brown algae -- 7.2 Mosses - The oldest living plants -- 7.3 Fern-like plants -- 7.3.1 Spikemosses, quillworts and clubmosses -- 7.3.2 Whisk ferns and moonworts -- 7.3.3 Horsetails -- 7.3.4 Ferns -- 7.4 Seed plants -- 7.4.1 Palm ferns -- 7.4.2 Ginkgoaceae -- 7.4.3 Conifers -- 7.4.4 Gnetales -- Gnetales: Conifers or Angiosperms? -- 7.4.5 Angiosperms: Monocotyledons and their growth forms -- 7.4.6 Angiosperms: Dicotyledons and their growth forms -- 8. Evolution of stems -- 8.1 Paleobotanic evidence of stems -- 8.2 Evolution and homoplasy of wood anatomical traits -- 8.3 Parallel evolution of macroscopic and microscopic traits -- 9. Anatomical adaptations to permanently changed environmental conditions -- 9.1 Anatomical and morphological plasticity of species -- 9.2 Anatomical and morphological adaption to different climates -- 9.2.1 Trees in the tropics, the temperate and the boreal zone -- 9.2.2 Shrubs in the tropics, the Mediterranean and arctic zone -- 10. Anatomical adaptations to temporarily changed environmental conditions -- 10.1 Anatomical effect of short-term environmental changes during the vegetation period -- 10.1.1 Individual small and large annual rings and missing rings -- 10.1.2 Discontinuous growth - Wedging rings -- 10.1.3 Individual small and large latewood zones and latewood zones with thin- or thick-walled tracheids -- 10.1.4 Individual, not fully lignified latewood zones ("blue rings") -- 10.1.5 False rings and density variations -- 10.1.6 Tissue and fiber cracks -- 10.2 Effect of multi-annual environmental changes -- 10.2.1 Abrupt growth changes -- 10.2.2 Structural changes -- 10.3 Eccentricity and irregular stem forms -- 10.4 Reaction wood - Reaction to mechanical stress -- 10.4.1 Compression wood in conifers -- 10.4.2 Tension wood in angiosperms -- 10.5 Cell collapse and lateral ray compression.

10.6 Cambial wounding - Callus formation, overgrowing of wounds -- 10.7 Prevention of wounds -- 10.8 Resin and gum ducts -- 11. Coexistence of algae, fungi and vascular plants -- 11.1 Mycorrhizae - Coexistence of vascular plants and fungi -- 11.2 Lichens - Coexistence of algae and fungi -- 12. Wood decay -- 12.1 Abiotic decomposition -- 12.2 Anaerobic decay - Absence of oxygen -- 12.3 Aerobic decay - Wood-decaying fungi -- 12.4 Compartmentalization - The natural limit to fungal growth -- 12.5 Decay by xylobiontic insects -- 13 Fossilization, permineralization, coalification, carbonization and wet wood conservation -- 13.1 Fossilization -- 13.2 Permineralization of archaeological artifacts -- 13.3 Coalification -- 13.4 Carbonization -- 13.5 Wet wood conservation -- 14. Technically altered wood products -- Acknowledgements -- References and recommended reading -- Index of keywords -- Index of species names.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.