Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China : Comparing Six Economic Sectors.

Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Introduction, Summary, and Some Inferences -- 1 Background -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Summary of the Findings of the Seven Study Groups -- 3.1 IP Codification and Innovation Governance -- 3.2 IT Industry -- 3.2.1 Current Status -- 3.2.2 Major Findings -- 3.3 Film Industry -- 3.3.1 Current Status -- 3.4 Pharmaceutical Industry -- 3.4.1 Current Status -- 3.5 Plant Varieties and Food Security -- 3.5.1 Current Status -- 3.6 Automobile Industry -- 3.6.1 Current Status -- 3.7 The Culture of Sharing and the Sharing Economy -- 3.8 Current Status -- Part I: IP Codification and Innovation Governance -- On the necessity of incorporating IP Laws into the Civil Law of China and How -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Establishment of IP Rights Has Revolutionized Property -- 3 Doctrinal and Practical Value of Codifying IP Laws into the Civil Law -- 3.1 The Civil Law Principally Guides IP Laws -- 3.2 Feedback from IP Theories and Systems to the Civil Law -- 4 Choice of Models for the Fusion Between IP Laws and the Civil Law -- 5 Relationship Between IP Laws, the General Provisions of the Civil Law and Its Respective Chapters -- 6 Technical Issues for Fusing IP Laws into the Civil Law -- 7 IP Laws and the Rule of Law in China -- Constitutional Governance in India and China and Its Impact on National Innovation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brief Introduction to the National Innovation System -- 3 Different Political Philosophy for Social Revolution and Social Justice -- 3.1 Social Revolution: Violent Revolution vs. Democratic Governance -- 3.2 Pursuing Social Justice: Transcendental Institutionalism vs. Realization-Focused Comparison -- 4 Power Distribution: Government Accountability vs. Policy Innovation.

4.1 Vertical Power Distribution: Accountability vs. Local Innovation -- 4.2 Horizontal Power Distribution: Accountability vs. Policy Innovation -- 4.3 Constitutional Enforcement: Citizens' Rights vs. State Power -- 5 The Impact of Constitutional Governance on Economic Development Path and Innovation Strategy -- 5.1 Impact on Economic Development Path -- 5.2 Case Study on ICT of the Impact on Innovation Strategy -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: IT Industry -- Information Technology Industry in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Development Patterns and Characteristics in General -- 2.1 Development Patterns -- 2.2 Economic Development Characteristics -- 2.3 Identifying and Explaining Similarities and Differences -- 3 IT Industries: Two Kinds of Technical and Business Sectors -- 4 Comparing the Two Countries -- 4.1 Government Policies on IT Industries -- 4.1.1 China -- 4.1.2 India -- 4.2 Comparative Advantages of Chinese IT Companies -- 4.3 Comparative Advantages of Indian IT Companies -- 4.3.1 Strengths -- 4.3.2 Reasons Attributed to Stronger Competitiveness -- 4.3.3 Challenges -- 5 IP Factors in China and India -- 5.1 National-Level Patent Strategies -- 5.2 Firm-Level IP Strategies -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- India's Information Technology Industry: A Tale of Two Halves -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Computer Electronics Industry in India -- 2.1 Triggering the Development of the Industry -- 2.2 Facilitating the Growth of the Electronics Industry in the 1980s -- 2.3 Technology Imports and Domestic R&amp -- D Behaviour -- 2.3.1 Domestic R&amp -- D Behaviour: C-DAC and Param Supercomputer -- 2.4 Electronics Industry in the Period of Economic Reforms -- 2.5 Manufacturing -- 2.6 Strategic Role of Standards -- 3 India's Information Technology-Enabled Services -- 3.1 Evolution of the ITES Industry in India.

3.2 The Beginnings of a Global ITES Hub -- 3.3 Consolidation of the Industry Since the Mid-1980s -- 3.4 Software Technology Parks and IT Clusters -- 3.5 India as an ITES Leader in the New Millennium -- 3.6 Current Status -- 3.7 R&amp -- D, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights -- 4 Patentability of Computer-Related Inventions in India -- 4.1 Yardsticks Followed by the CG Office to Deal with  Section 3(k) -- 4.1.1 The 2013 Guidelines -- 4.1.2 The 2015 Guidelines -- 4.1.3 The 2017 Guidelines -- 4.2 Court Decisions on Patenting of Computer Programmes -- 5 By Way of Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Film Industry -- Chinese Film Industry Under the Lens of Copyright, Policy, and Market -- 1 Early Cinema (1896-1930) -- 2 Wartime Cinema (1930-1949) -- 3 Socialist Cinema (1949-1978) -- 3.1 State-Owned and Policy-Controlled Cinema -- 3.2 Film Copyright Remained Unattended -- 4 Contemporary Cinema (1979-Present) -- 4.1 Recovery Period of Internal Reform -- 4.2 Cinema Marketization -- 4.2.1 The 1990 Copyright Law Set Up Basic Copyright Framework for the Film Industry -- 4.2.2 Further Reform in Film Distribution, Import, and Production -- 4.2.3 A Comprehensive Prior Approval System for Films -- 4.3 Industrialization -- 4.3.1 Further Liberalization of Import and Distribution of Foreign Films -- 4.3.2 Nationwide Cinema Chains -- 4.3.3 Further Liberalization of Film Production -- 4.3.4 Internet Giants Are Swarming into the Film Industry -- 4.3.5 Film Copyright -- 5 Challenges Ahead -- References -- Reminiscing About the Golden Age: An Analysis of Efforts to Revive the Hong Kong Film Industry Through the Lens of Copyright Protection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hong Kong Film Industry: Growth and Decline -- 2.1 Factors Within the Core Model of the Hong Kong Film Industry -- 2.2 External Factors.

3 The Road to Revival of the Hong Kong Film Industry -- 3.1 Hong Kong Film Development Council -- 3.2 Hong Kong International Film and TV Market and Hong Kong International Film Festival -- 3.3 Film Development Fund -- 3.4 Create Hong Kong (CreateHK) and Hong Kong Arts Development Council -- 3.5 Closer Economic Partnership Agreement -- 4 The Implications of the Hong Kong Copyright Framework on the Film Revival -- 4.1 Co-authorship of Films -- 4.2 Unclear Scope of "Copy" and Insufficient Protection for Secondary Creation -- 4.3 Criminal Liability for Copyright Infringement -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Codes and Statutes -- Jurisprudence -- Books -- Journal Articles -- Official Reports -- Newspapers &amp -- Websites -- Contemporary Challenges of Online Copyright Enforcement in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Piracy Landscape in India -- 3 Targeting End-Users: A Graduated Response Proposal -- 4 Website-Blocking Injunctions -- 5 Ad-Supported Piracy -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Continued Economic Benefit to the Author: Royalties in the Indian Film Industry - Historical Development, Current Status, and Practical Application -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Music Deals: Indian Context -- 3 Historical Perspective -- 3.1 Judicial Backdrop to the Amendments -- 3.2 The Problems with Copyright Societies in India -- 4 The New Royalties Regime -- 5 The Aftermath of the Amendments -- 6 Conclusion: The Way Forward -- References -- Part IV: Pharmaceutical Industry -- Pharmaceutical Industry in China: Policy, Market and IP -- 1 Approaches and Framework -- 2 Overview of China's Pharmaceutical Industry -- 2.1 The Historical Development -- 2.2 Current Status -- 2.2.1 Expansion of Total Industrial Scale -- 2.2.2 Improvement in Industrial Capacity -- 2.2.3 High Degree of Market Opening Up, Strong Market Shares by Foreign-Funded Enterprises.

2.2.4 Administration of Pharmaceutical Industries in China -- 2.3 Problems in the Development of China's Pharmaceutical Industry -- 2.3.1 Low R&amp -- D Investment in Pharmaceutical Companies -- 2.3.2 Vehicle for New Drugs R&amp -- D Is Research Institutions, Not Enterprises -- 2.3.3 Lack of Advanced Technology and IP Rights by Chinese Pharmaceutical Companies -- 2.3.4 Small-Scale Pharma Companies, Low Market Concentration and Substantial Percentage of Enterprises in Deficit -- 2.3.5 Increasing but Low Export of Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 3 Policy Structure of China's Pharmaceutical Industry -- 3.1 The Access to Drug Market and Approval of Drugs -- 3.1.1 Approval of New Drugs -- 3.1.2 The Generic Drug Application Procedure and Its Incentive System -- 3.2 Drug Pricing Policies -- 3.3 Regulatory Policies on Industrial Structure and Layout -- 4 The Market Structure of China's Pharmaceutical Industries -- 4.1 The High Expenditure Rate Under China's Medicare System -- 4.2 The Dominant Mode of Monopoly by Hospitals -- 4.2.1 The "Hospital and Pharmacy Together" Model Facilitates Drug Sales by Hospitals -- 4.2.2 The "Hospitals Supported by Medicines" Phenomenon Provides Hospitals with Monopoly Power -- 4.2.3 Drug Management Policies Conducive to Monopoly -- 4.2.4 The Supply and Demand Characteristics of the Medical Industry Conducive to Monopoly -- 4.3 China's Generic Drug Market -- 4.3.1 Generic Drugs Occupy the Drug Markets -- 4.3.2 The Opportunities upon Patent Expiration -- 5 IP Structure in Pharmaceutical Industries in China -- 5.1 The Patented Drug Market -- 5.1.1 The Demand for Drugs Against Infectious Diseases Relies on Patented Drugs -- 5.1.2 Patented Drugs Are More Profitable Than Generic Drugs -- 5.1.3 National Drug Price Negotiations Increased the Sales of Patented Drugs.

5.1.4 The Patent Linkage System Is Imperfect.

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