Unlocking Evidence.

By: Singh, CharanjitContributor(s): Ramjohn, MohamedMaterial type: TextTextPublisher: Milton : Taylor & Francis Group, 2016Copyright date: �2016Edition: 3rd edDescription: 1 online resource (510 pages)Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781317570684Genre/Form: Electronic books.Additional physical formats: Print version:: Unlocking EvidenceOnline resources: Click to View
Contents:
Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Guide to the book -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- List of figures -- Table of cases -- Table of statutes and other instruments -- 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF EVIDENCE -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The exclusionary approach of the English law of evidence -- 1.3 Types of judicial evidence -- 1.3.1 Direct or percipient evidence -- 1.3.2 Circumstantial evidence -- 1.3.3 Hearsay -- 1.3.4 Original evidence -- 1.3.5 Primary and secondary evidence -- 1.3.6 Conclusive evidence -- 1.3.7 Presumptive or prima facie evidence -- 1.3.8 Oral evidence or testimony -- 1.3.9 Real evidence -- 1.4 Facts -- 1.4.1 Facts in issue: criminal cases -- 1.4.2 Facts in issue: civil cases -- 1.4.3 Facts in issue: formal admissions -- 1.4.4 Facts in issue: collateral facts -- 1.4.5 Facts in issue: relevant facts -- 1.5 Admissibility, weight and discretion -- 1.5.1 Admissibility -- 1.5.2 Weight -- 1.5.3 Discretion -- 1.6 Judge and jury -- 1.6.1 Questions of law -- 1.6.2 Questions of fact -- 1.7 Instances in which proof is unnecessary -- 1.8 The binding nature of judicial findings -- 1.9 Procedural rules: criminal and civil -- Further reading -- 2 THE LAW OF EVIDENCE: THE BURDENS AND STANDARDS OF PROOF -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Several burdens -- 2.1.2 Legal burden -- 2.1.3 Evidential burden -- 2.1.4 Evidential burden of proof? -- 2.1.5 Party with legal and evidential burdens -- 2.1.6 Separate evidential burden -- 2.1.7 Importance of distinguishing legal and evidential burdens -- 2.2 Incidence of the legal burden of proof -- 2.2.1 Civil cases -- 2.2.2 Criminal cases - general rule - the 'golden thread' theory -- 2.2.3 Exceptions in criminal cases -- 2.3 Evidential burden -- 2.3.1 Shifting of the evidential burden -- 2.4 Standards of proof -- 2.4.1 Criminal cases -- 2.4.2 Discharge of the legal burden by the accused.
2.4.3 Discharge of the legal burden in civil cases -- 2.4.4 Discharge of the evidential burden -- 2.5 Tactical burden -- Further reading -- 3 TESTIMONY OF WITNESSES -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Attendance of witnesses at court -- 3.3 Order of presentation of evidence -- 3.3.1 Re-opening the prosecution case -- 3.4 Evidence: sworn/unsworn or solemn affirmation -- 3.4.1 Oath -- 3.4.2 Solemn affirmation -- 3.5 Competence and compellability of witnesses -- 3.5.1 Civil cases -- 3.5.2 Sworn evidence -- 3.5.3 Unsworn evidence of children in civil cases -- 3.5.4 Criminal cases -- 3.5.5 Sworn/unsworn evidence -- 3.5.6 The defendant -- 3.5.7 The defendant's spouse/civil partner in criminal cases -- 3.6 Special measures directions -- 3.7 Witness anonymity orders -- 3.8 Miscellaneous -- 3.9 Training or coaching of witnesses/familiarisation -- Further reading -- 4 THE DISCLOSURE OF EVIDENCE AND PROTECTION FROM DISCLOSURE: PRIVILEGE AND PUBLICINTEREST IMMUNITY -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Disclosure -- 4.3 Privilege -- 4.3.1 Privilege against self-incrimination -- 4.3.2 Legal professional privilege -- 4.4 Journalistic privilege -- 4.5 Negotiations without prejudice -- 4.6 Public interest immunity -- 4.6.1 Requirements on party seeking disclosure -- 4.6.2 Necessity of disclosure -- 4.6.3 Public policy -- 4.6.4 Waiver and objection -- 4.6.5 Contrasting privilege and PII -- Further reading -- 5 SILENCE: THE EFFECT ON AN ACCUSATION -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The historical development and significance of silence -- 5.3 Silence at common law -- 5.4 Silence under the CJPOA 1994 -- 5.4.1 Section 34 - failure to mention facts when questioned -- 5.4.2 Section 35 - A failure to testify -- 5.4.3 Section 36 - failure to account for objects, substances or marks that incriminate the accused -- 5.5 Human rights: fair trials and adverse inferences -- Further reading.
6 COURSE OF TRIAL -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Examination in chief -- 6.2.1 No leading questions -- 6.2.2 Refreshing the memory of witnesses -- 6.2.3 Unfavourable and hostile witnesses -- 6.2.4 Previous consistent statements (self-serving or narrative statements or the rule against manufactured evidence) -- 6.3 Cross-examination -- 6.3.1 Sections 41-43 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 -- 6.3.2 Chapter II - protection from cross-examination by the accused in person -- 6.3.3 Omission to cross-examine -- 6.3.4 Distinction between cross-examination as to issue and credit -- 6.3.5 Sections 4 and 5 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1865 (previous inconsistent statements) -- 6.3.6 Finality of answers to questions in cross-examination as to credit -- 6.3.7 Exceptions to the Hitchcock rule -- Further reading -- 7 HEARSAY: THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classifying evidence as hearsay evidence -- 7.2.1 Rationale for exclusion -- 7.3 A different (inclusionary) approach under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 - in outline -- 7.3.1 Previous statements or assertions - analysis of hearsay -- 7.3.2 The purpose of tendering the evidence -- 7.3.3 Statements relevant only to truth -- 7.3.4 Original evidence/non-hearsay statements -- 7.4 The common law exceptions to the rule -- 7.4.1 The res gestae -- 7.4.2 Statements evidencing the physical or mental state of the maker -- 7.4.3 Statements by the deceased -- 7.4.4 Declarations against an interest -- 7.4.5 Declarations in the course of a duty -- 7.4.6 Public documents containing facts -- 7.4.7 Informal admissions -- 7.4.8 Binding admissions -- 7.4.9 Substance: what can be admitted? -- 7.5 Non-hearsay confessions -- 7.5.1 Other statements -- Further reading -- 8 HEARSAY: ADMISSIBILITY IN CRIMINAL CASES -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The statutory exceptions and criminal cases.
8.2.1 The interests of justice -- 8.3 Statutory exceptions and documentary hearsay -- 8.4 The safeguards: ss 124-126 -- 8.5 Further exceptions to the hearsay rule -- 8.6 Other issues -- 8.7 The impact of human rights on the admission of hearsay evidence -- Further reading -- 9 HEARSAY: CIVIL CASES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The use of hearsay evidence in civil cases -- 9.2.1 The Civil Evidence Act 1995 -- 9.2.2 Section 1 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.3 Section 2 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.4 Section 3 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.5 Section 4 CEA 1995: weight -- 9.2.6 Section 5 CEA 1995: competence and credibility -- 9.2.7 Section 6 CEA 1995: previous statements -- 9.2.8 Section 7 CEA 1995: common law -- 9.2.9 Section 8 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.10 Sections 9 and 10 CEA 1995 -- Further reading -- 10 CONFESSIONS AND EVIDENCE OBTAINED UNLAWFULLY -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The common law development of confession evidence -- 10.2.1 Definition of a confession -- 10.2.2 Admissibility -- 10.2.3 Exclusion: general -- 10.3 Exclusion: specific -- 10.3.1 Section 76 and exclusion by reason of oppression -- 10.3.2 Section 76 and exclusion by reason of unreliability -- 10.3.3 Causation -- 10.4 Exclusion of evidence under s 78 of the PACE 1984 -- 10.5 The effect of exclusion -- 10.6 Presentation of confession evidence -- 10.6.1 Remarks that are prejudicial to a defendant -- 10.6.2 Remarks that exculpate or incriminate a defendant -- 10.6.3 Remarks that incriminate a co-accused -- 10.7 Challenging and using confession evidence -- 10.8 Confessions made by mentally handicapped persons -- 10.9 Other illegally obtained evidence -- Further reading -- 11 EVIDENCE OF BAD CHARACTER IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Meaning of character evidence prior to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 -- 11.3 Good character -- 11.3.1 Directions as to good character.
11.4 Disposition evidence of bad character of the defendant at common law (similar fact evidence) -- 11.5 Abolition of the common law rules and the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 -- 11.6 Definition of bad character -- 11.6.1 Exclusion from the definition of bad character -- Further reading -- 12 ADMISSIBILITY OF BAD CHARACTER EVIDENCE OF WITNESSES AND DEFENDANTS -- 12.1 Introduction and outline of the scheme of the Act -- 12.2 Grounds for admitting bad character evidence - non-defendant's bad character -- 12.3 Requirement of leave -- 12.4 Bad character evidence of the defendant -- 12.4.1 Gateway (a) - s 101(1)(a) - 'agreement between parties' -- 12.4.2 Gateway (b) - s 101(1)(b) - 'evidence added by the defendant' -- 12.4.3 Gateway (c) - s 101(1)(c) - 'important explanatory evidence' -- 12.4.4 Gateway (d) - s 101(1)(d) - 'relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution' -- 12.4.5 Gateway (e) - s 101(1)(e) - 'important matter in issue between the defendant and the co-defendant' -- 12.4.6 Gateway (f) - s 101(1)(f) - 'correct a false impression given by the defendant' -- 12.4.7 Gateway (g) - s 101(1)(g) - 'attack on another person's character' -- 12.5 Warning by judge -- 12.5.1 Sparing use of bad character provisions -- 12.5.2 Directions by the judge -- 12.6 Contaminated evidence -- 12.7 Duty to give reasons -- 12.8 Rules of court -- 12.9 Other statutes admitting evidence of the bad character of the defendant -- 12.10 Bad character of defendants in civil cases -- Further reading -- 13 CORROBORATION, LIES, CARE WARNINGS AND IDENTIFICATION EVIDENCE -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Corroboration -- 13.2.1 Admissible and independent evidence -- 13.2.2 Supporting or confirming the commission of the criminal offence by the defendant -- 13.3 Corroboration: as a matter of law or practice.
13.4 The development of corroboration warnings.
Summary: Unlocking Evidence will help you grasp the main concepts of the subject with ease. Containing accessible explanations in clear and precise terms that are easy to understand, it provides an excellent foundation for learning and revising Evidence. The information is clearly presented in a logical structure and the following features support learning helping you to advance with confidence: Clear learning outcomes at the beginning of each chapter set out the skills and knowledge you will need to get to grips with the subject Key Facts summaries throughout each chapter allow you to progressively build and consolidate your understanding End-of-chapter summaries provide a useful check-list for each topic Cases and judgments are highlighted to help you find them and add them to your notes quickly Frequent activities and self-test questions are included so you can put your knowledge into practice Sample essay questions with annotated answers prepare you for assessment Glossary of legal terms clarifies important definitions This edition has been updated to include the most recent updates in case law and criminal and civil procedure, including developments relating to vulnerable witnesses and character evidence as well as interventions by the trial judge.
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Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Guide to the book -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- List of figures -- Table of cases -- Table of statutes and other instruments -- 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF EVIDENCE -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The exclusionary approach of the English law of evidence -- 1.3 Types of judicial evidence -- 1.3.1 Direct or percipient evidence -- 1.3.2 Circumstantial evidence -- 1.3.3 Hearsay -- 1.3.4 Original evidence -- 1.3.5 Primary and secondary evidence -- 1.3.6 Conclusive evidence -- 1.3.7 Presumptive or prima facie evidence -- 1.3.8 Oral evidence or testimony -- 1.3.9 Real evidence -- 1.4 Facts -- 1.4.1 Facts in issue: criminal cases -- 1.4.2 Facts in issue: civil cases -- 1.4.3 Facts in issue: formal admissions -- 1.4.4 Facts in issue: collateral facts -- 1.4.5 Facts in issue: relevant facts -- 1.5 Admissibility, weight and discretion -- 1.5.1 Admissibility -- 1.5.2 Weight -- 1.5.3 Discretion -- 1.6 Judge and jury -- 1.6.1 Questions of law -- 1.6.2 Questions of fact -- 1.7 Instances in which proof is unnecessary -- 1.8 The binding nature of judicial findings -- 1.9 Procedural rules: criminal and civil -- Further reading -- 2 THE LAW OF EVIDENCE: THE BURDENS AND STANDARDS OF PROOF -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Several burdens -- 2.1.2 Legal burden -- 2.1.3 Evidential burden -- 2.1.4 Evidential burden of proof? -- 2.1.5 Party with legal and evidential burdens -- 2.1.6 Separate evidential burden -- 2.1.7 Importance of distinguishing legal and evidential burdens -- 2.2 Incidence of the legal burden of proof -- 2.2.1 Civil cases -- 2.2.2 Criminal cases - general rule - the 'golden thread' theory -- 2.2.3 Exceptions in criminal cases -- 2.3 Evidential burden -- 2.3.1 Shifting of the evidential burden -- 2.4 Standards of proof -- 2.4.1 Criminal cases -- 2.4.2 Discharge of the legal burden by the accused.

2.4.3 Discharge of the legal burden in civil cases -- 2.4.4 Discharge of the evidential burden -- 2.5 Tactical burden -- Further reading -- 3 TESTIMONY OF WITNESSES -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Attendance of witnesses at court -- 3.3 Order of presentation of evidence -- 3.3.1 Re-opening the prosecution case -- 3.4 Evidence: sworn/unsworn or solemn affirmation -- 3.4.1 Oath -- 3.4.2 Solemn affirmation -- 3.5 Competence and compellability of witnesses -- 3.5.1 Civil cases -- 3.5.2 Sworn evidence -- 3.5.3 Unsworn evidence of children in civil cases -- 3.5.4 Criminal cases -- 3.5.5 Sworn/unsworn evidence -- 3.5.6 The defendant -- 3.5.7 The defendant's spouse/civil partner in criminal cases -- 3.6 Special measures directions -- 3.7 Witness anonymity orders -- 3.8 Miscellaneous -- 3.9 Training or coaching of witnesses/familiarisation -- Further reading -- 4 THE DISCLOSURE OF EVIDENCE AND PROTECTION FROM DISCLOSURE: PRIVILEGE AND PUBLICINTEREST IMMUNITY -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Disclosure -- 4.3 Privilege -- 4.3.1 Privilege against self-incrimination -- 4.3.2 Legal professional privilege -- 4.4 Journalistic privilege -- 4.5 Negotiations without prejudice -- 4.6 Public interest immunity -- 4.6.1 Requirements on party seeking disclosure -- 4.6.2 Necessity of disclosure -- 4.6.3 Public policy -- 4.6.4 Waiver and objection -- 4.6.5 Contrasting privilege and PII -- Further reading -- 5 SILENCE: THE EFFECT ON AN ACCUSATION -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The historical development and significance of silence -- 5.3 Silence at common law -- 5.4 Silence under the CJPOA 1994 -- 5.4.1 Section 34 - failure to mention facts when questioned -- 5.4.2 Section 35 - A failure to testify -- 5.4.3 Section 36 - failure to account for objects, substances or marks that incriminate the accused -- 5.5 Human rights: fair trials and adverse inferences -- Further reading.

6 COURSE OF TRIAL -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Examination in chief -- 6.2.1 No leading questions -- 6.2.2 Refreshing the memory of witnesses -- 6.2.3 Unfavourable and hostile witnesses -- 6.2.4 Previous consistent statements (self-serving or narrative statements or the rule against manufactured evidence) -- 6.3 Cross-examination -- 6.3.1 Sections 41-43 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 -- 6.3.2 Chapter II - protection from cross-examination by the accused in person -- 6.3.3 Omission to cross-examine -- 6.3.4 Distinction between cross-examination as to issue and credit -- 6.3.5 Sections 4 and 5 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1865 (previous inconsistent statements) -- 6.3.6 Finality of answers to questions in cross-examination as to credit -- 6.3.7 Exceptions to the Hitchcock rule -- Further reading -- 7 HEARSAY: THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classifying evidence as hearsay evidence -- 7.2.1 Rationale for exclusion -- 7.3 A different (inclusionary) approach under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 - in outline -- 7.3.1 Previous statements or assertions - analysis of hearsay -- 7.3.2 The purpose of tendering the evidence -- 7.3.3 Statements relevant only to truth -- 7.3.4 Original evidence/non-hearsay statements -- 7.4 The common law exceptions to the rule -- 7.4.1 The res gestae -- 7.4.2 Statements evidencing the physical or mental state of the maker -- 7.4.3 Statements by the deceased -- 7.4.4 Declarations against an interest -- 7.4.5 Declarations in the course of a duty -- 7.4.6 Public documents containing facts -- 7.4.7 Informal admissions -- 7.4.8 Binding admissions -- 7.4.9 Substance: what can be admitted? -- 7.5 Non-hearsay confessions -- 7.5.1 Other statements -- Further reading -- 8 HEARSAY: ADMISSIBILITY IN CRIMINAL CASES -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The statutory exceptions and criminal cases.

8.2.1 The interests of justice -- 8.3 Statutory exceptions and documentary hearsay -- 8.4 The safeguards: ss 124-126 -- 8.5 Further exceptions to the hearsay rule -- 8.6 Other issues -- 8.7 The impact of human rights on the admission of hearsay evidence -- Further reading -- 9 HEARSAY: CIVIL CASES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The use of hearsay evidence in civil cases -- 9.2.1 The Civil Evidence Act 1995 -- 9.2.2 Section 1 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.3 Section 2 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.4 Section 3 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.5 Section 4 CEA 1995: weight -- 9.2.6 Section 5 CEA 1995: competence and credibility -- 9.2.7 Section 6 CEA 1995: previous statements -- 9.2.8 Section 7 CEA 1995: common law -- 9.2.9 Section 8 CEA 1995 -- 9.2.10 Sections 9 and 10 CEA 1995 -- Further reading -- 10 CONFESSIONS AND EVIDENCE OBTAINED UNLAWFULLY -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The common law development of confession evidence -- 10.2.1 Definition of a confession -- 10.2.2 Admissibility -- 10.2.3 Exclusion: general -- 10.3 Exclusion: specific -- 10.3.1 Section 76 and exclusion by reason of oppression -- 10.3.2 Section 76 and exclusion by reason of unreliability -- 10.3.3 Causation -- 10.4 Exclusion of evidence under s 78 of the PACE 1984 -- 10.5 The effect of exclusion -- 10.6 Presentation of confession evidence -- 10.6.1 Remarks that are prejudicial to a defendant -- 10.6.2 Remarks that exculpate or incriminate a defendant -- 10.6.3 Remarks that incriminate a co-accused -- 10.7 Challenging and using confession evidence -- 10.8 Confessions made by mentally handicapped persons -- 10.9 Other illegally obtained evidence -- Further reading -- 11 EVIDENCE OF BAD CHARACTER IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Meaning of character evidence prior to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 -- 11.3 Good character -- 11.3.1 Directions as to good character.

11.4 Disposition evidence of bad character of the defendant at common law (similar fact evidence) -- 11.5 Abolition of the common law rules and the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 -- 11.6 Definition of bad character -- 11.6.1 Exclusion from the definition of bad character -- Further reading -- 12 ADMISSIBILITY OF BAD CHARACTER EVIDENCE OF WITNESSES AND DEFENDANTS -- 12.1 Introduction and outline of the scheme of the Act -- 12.2 Grounds for admitting bad character evidence - non-defendant's bad character -- 12.3 Requirement of leave -- 12.4 Bad character evidence of the defendant -- 12.4.1 Gateway (a) - s 101(1)(a) - 'agreement between parties' -- 12.4.2 Gateway (b) - s 101(1)(b) - 'evidence added by the defendant' -- 12.4.3 Gateway (c) - s 101(1)(c) - 'important explanatory evidence' -- 12.4.4 Gateway (d) - s 101(1)(d) - 'relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution' -- 12.4.5 Gateway (e) - s 101(1)(e) - 'important matter in issue between the defendant and the co-defendant' -- 12.4.6 Gateway (f) - s 101(1)(f) - 'correct a false impression given by the defendant' -- 12.4.7 Gateway (g) - s 101(1)(g) - 'attack on another person's character' -- 12.5 Warning by judge -- 12.5.1 Sparing use of bad character provisions -- 12.5.2 Directions by the judge -- 12.6 Contaminated evidence -- 12.7 Duty to give reasons -- 12.8 Rules of court -- 12.9 Other statutes admitting evidence of the bad character of the defendant -- 12.10 Bad character of defendants in civil cases -- Further reading -- 13 CORROBORATION, LIES, CARE WARNINGS AND IDENTIFICATION EVIDENCE -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Corroboration -- 13.2.1 Admissible and independent evidence -- 13.2.2 Supporting or confirming the commission of the criminal offence by the defendant -- 13.3 Corroboration: as a matter of law or practice.

13.4 The development of corroboration warnings.

Unlocking Evidence will help you grasp the main concepts of the subject with ease. Containing accessible explanations in clear and precise terms that are easy to understand, it provides an excellent foundation for learning and revising Evidence. The information is clearly presented in a logical structure and the following features support learning helping you to advance with confidence: Clear learning outcomes at the beginning of each chapter set out the skills and knowledge you will need to get to grips with the subject Key Facts summaries throughout each chapter allow you to progressively build and consolidate your understanding End-of-chapter summaries provide a useful check-list for each topic Cases and judgments are highlighted to help you find them and add them to your notes quickly Frequent activities and self-test questions are included so you can put your knowledge into practice Sample essay questions with annotated answers prepare you for assessment Glossary of legal terms clarifies important definitions This edition has been updated to include the most recent updates in case law and criminal and civil procedure, including developments relating to vulnerable witnesses and character evidence as well as interventions by the trial judge.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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