Criminal Law.

Cover -- Contents -- Guided tour -- Publisher's acknowledgements -- Preface -- Table of cases -- Table of statutes -- Table of treaties -- Introduction -- Introduction -- How much crime is there? -- Awareness of crime -- Reporting crime -- Recording crime -- White-collar and corporate crime -- Statistics and conclusions -- Sources of criminal law -- European criminal law -- Codification of the criminal law -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 1 Elements of a crime -- Introduction -- Actus reus -- Conduct must be voluntary -- Types of actus reus -- Causation -- Omissions -- Mens rea -- Intention -- Recklessness -- Negligence -- Transferred malice -- Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea -- Mens rea and motive -- Proof of mens rea -- Problems with the law on mens rea -- Subjective principles in criminal law -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 2 Strict liability -- Introduction -- Which crimes are crimes of strict liability? -- Regulatory offence -- Issue of social concern -- The wording of the Act -- The smallness of the penalty -- Relevance of the four factors -- Crimes of negligence -- The effect of mistake -- The European Convention on Human Rights -- Arguments in favour of strict liability -- Promotion of care -- Deterrent value -- Easier enforcement -- Difficulty of proving mens rea -- No threat to liberty -- Profit from risk -- Arguments against strict liability -- Injustice -- Ineffective -- Little administrative advantage -- Inconsistent application -- Better alternatives are available -- Reform -- Restrict the use of strict liability -- Defence of all due diligence -- Extending strict liability -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 3 Murder -- Introduction -- The common elements of homicide offences -- A human being -- Death -- Causation -- Murder -- Definition -- Mens rea -- Sentence.

Criticism -- Proposals for reform -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 4 Voluntary manslaughter -- Introduction -- Loss of control -- 1. Loss of self-control -- 2. Resulting from a qualifying trigger -- 3. The objective test -- Burden of proof -- Criticism -- Diminished responsibility -- An abnormality of mental functioning -- Burden of proof -- Criticism -- Suicide pacts -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 5 Involuntary manslaughter -- Introduction -- Manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Criticism -- Gross negligence manslaughter -- Criticism -- Subjective reckless manslaughter? -- Causing death by dangerous driving -- Sentence -- Causing death by careless driving under the influence of drink or drugs -- Road Safety Act 2006 -- Criticism -- Causing or allowing the death of a child or vulnerable adult -- Difficulties with causation -- Reform of involuntary manslaughter -- Home Office proposals -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 6 Non-fatal offences against the person -- Introduction -- Assault -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Battery -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Offences Against the Person Act 1861, s. 47 -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Offences Against the Person Act 1861, s. 20 -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Offences Against the Person Act 1861, s. 18 -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Causing serious injury by dangerous driving -- Problems with offences against the person -- Domestic violence -- Definitions of the offences -- Structure of the offences -- Reform -- Modernising the legislation -- Stalking -- Harassment -- Stalking -- Aggravated harassment -- Aggravated stalking -- Crimes using the internet -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 7 Sexual offences -- Introduction -- Rape -- Actus reus -- The defendant -- The victim.

Sexual intercourse -- Absence of victim's consent -- Mens rea -- Burden of proof -- Only reasonable mistakes negative mens rea -- Sentence -- Assault by penetration -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Sexual assault -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Causing sexual activity without consent -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Sexual offences against children under 13 -- Sexual offences against children aged 13 to 16 -- Criticism and reform -- Consent -- Sexual intercourse -- Conviction rate -- The victim's sexual history -- Anonymity of suspects -- The trial -- Sentencing -- Alternative offences -- Changing attitudes -- Sex offenders and politics -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 8 Non-fraudulent property offences -- Introduction -- Theft -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Sentence -- Robbery -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Completion of the offence -- Sentence -- Burglary -- Burglary under s. 9(1)(a) -- Burglary under s. 9(1)(b) -- Sentence -- Aggravated burglary -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Sentence -- Squatting in a residential building -- Blackmail -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Sentence -- Handling -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Sentence -- Taking without consent -- Retaining a wrongful credit -- Criminal damage -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Defence -- Criminal damage endangering life -- Arson -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 9 Fraudulent property offences -- Introduction -- Problems with the pre-2007 fraud offences -- Complex and confused -- Fraudsters could avoid liability -- Poor prosecuting decisions -- Jury discretion -- Civil law concepts -- Breadth of the criminal law -- Conspiracy to defraud -- Codification -- Reform process -- Fraud offences today -- General offence of fraud -- Obtaining services dishonestly -- Additional related offences -- Making off without payment -- Criticism of the Fraud Act 2006.

Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 10 Inchoate offences -- Introduction -- Attempt -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Offences which may not be attempted -- Sentence -- Criticism and reform -- Conspiracy -- Statutory conspiracy -- Common law conspiracy -- Criticism and reform -- Assisting or encouraging a crime -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Defence -- Sentence -- Criticism -- Reform -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 11 Accomplices -- Introduction -- The principal offender -- Innocent agents -- Secondary parties -- Actus reus -- Mens rea -- Joint enterprise -- Liability of a secondary party for a different offence -- Strict liability offences -- Withdrawal -- Criticism -- The breadth and complexity of joint enterprise liability -- Joint enterprise and secondary party liability -- Deviations from the plan -- Sentencing -- Reform -- Depraved heart murder -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 12 Corporate liability -- Introduction -- Vicarious liability -- The doctrine of identification -- Corporate manslaughter -- Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 -- Criticism -- Individual liability -- The senior management test -- Punishment -- Lack of deterrence -- Reform -- The Law Commission -- Civil liability -- Alternative punishments -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Chapter 13 General defences -- Introduction -- Complete and partial defences -- General and specific defences -- The burden of proof -- Infancy -- Criticism -- Insanity -- The M'Naghten rules -- Criticism -- Proposals for reform -- Automatism -- Involuntary act -- External cause -- Self-induced automatism -- Criticism -- Mistake -- Mistake and mens rea -- An honest mistake -- Mistake and other defences -- Intoxication -- Absence of mens rea -- Specific and basic intent crimes.

Involuntary intoxication -- 'Dutch courage' -- Intoxication and automatism -- Mistake and intoxication -- Criticism -- Reform -- Self-defence, defence of property and public defence -- Public defence -- Self-defence -- Protection of property -- Necessity for action -- Reasonable force: the ordinary rule -- Mistake as to the degree of force -- Criticism -- Duress -- Duress by threats -- Two-part test -- Duress of circumstances -- Criticism -- Reform -- Marital coercion -- Necessity -- Necessity and murder -- Should there be a general defence of necessity? -- Reform -- Consent -- An informed consent -- Consent obtained by fraud -- A genuine consent -- Capacity to consent -- The nature and degree of harm -- Euthanasia -- Exceptions -- Criticism -- Sexual relations -- Serious injury and consent -- Consent and euthanasia -- Lawful chastisement -- Criticism -- Answering questions -- Summary -- Reading list -- Appendix: Answering examination questions -- Essay questions -- Problem questions -- Select bibliography -- Glossary -- Index.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.