Blue Skies, Blue Seas : Air Pollution, Marine Plastics, and Coastal Erosion in the Middle East and North Africa.
Heger, Martin.
Blue Skies, Blue Seas : Air Pollution, Marine Plastics, and Coastal Erosion in the Middle East and North Africa. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (405 pages) - MENA Development Report . - MENA Development Report .
Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Overview -- "Blue" Capital and Three Core Issues -- Road Map to the Report -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Human Advancement and Sustainable Natural Capital Use in the Middle East and North Africa -- Overview -- Improvement in Incomes, Produced Capital, and Human Capital -- Natural Capital Deteriorates as Environmental Degradation Accelerates -- A Lag in Decoupling Growth from Air Pollution and GHGs -- Switching to a Green Growth Path -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Blue Skies for Healthy and Prosperous Cities -- Overview -- How Polluted Are the Cities' Skies? -- The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Blue Seas: Freeing the Seas from Plastics -- Overview -- The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas -- The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Blue Seas: Fighting Coastal Erosion -- Overview -- How Eroded Is the Coast? -- The Economic Impacts of Eroded Coasts -- Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Green Recovery Goals Guide COVID-19 Responses by Multilateral Organizations -- Box 2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies -- Box 2.3 Carbon Wealth in the Middle East and North Africa and Its Potential Pitfalls -- Box 3.1 Different Sources and Health Effects of Different PM Diameters -- Box 3.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates -- Box 3.3 Reforming Fuel Subsidies: Lessons from International Experience -- Box 3.4 Slashing Fuel Subsidies during Periods of Low Global Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent. Box 3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences -- Box 3.6 Vehicle Technology and Related Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.7 Fuel Quality Standards in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.8 Public Transportation in Middle East and North Africa's Cities -- Box 3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution -- Box 3.10 Successful Pollution Abatement Projects in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.11 California's Emissions Trading System -- Box 3.12 Saudi Arabia's Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency -- Box 3.13 Regional Examples of Investment in Renewable Energy Sources -- Box 3.14 Reducing the "Black Cloud" Phenomenon in Greater Cairo -- Box 3.15 Reusing Crop Residues as Fertilizer with the Happy Seeder -- Box 3.16 Public Awareness Programs on Air Pollution in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 4.1 Marine-Plastic Pollution within the International Policy Agenda -- Box 4.2 Identifying the Hot Spots of Marine-Plastic Debris along Morocco's Coasts -- Box 4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems -- Box 4.4 A Snapshot of the Petrochemical Industry in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates -- Box 4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production -- Box 4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling -- Box 4.8 Emerging Alternatives to SUPs in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP -- Box 4.10 Plastics Circularity and Market Potential: Examples from Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand -- Box 4.11 Integration of Recyclers into Local Waste Management Systems: Examples from Latin America -- Box 5.1 Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa and the Impact of COVID-19 -- Box 5.2 Sediment Budgets and Numerical Modeling in West Africa. Box 5.3 Iraq's Al-Faw Grand Port: Computational Modeling to Eliminate Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.4 Rosetta Promontory: Computational Modeling of Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Morocco -- Box 5.6 Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 5.7 India's ICZM Project: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options -- Box 5.9 Effects of Different Defense Structures in Soliman Beach, Tunisia -- Box 5.10 Building with Nature: Approaches for Beach Replenishment from the Netherlands -- Figure -- Figure ES.1 Urban Air Pollution, Marine-Plastic Pollution, and Net Coastal Erosion, by Region -- Figure 2.1 Capital Accounting Framework -- Figure 2.2 Gross National Income Per Capita, by Subregion, Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.3 Trends in Access and Use of Basic Sanitation and Drinking Water Services in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.4 Trends in Rural Access to Electricity and Total Population's Internet Use in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.5 Selected Human Capital Indicators in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.6 Recent Trends in Selected Gas Emissions in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.7 Volume of Plastic Debris Entering the Seas from the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010 and 2025 -- Figure 2.8 Average Annual Net Coastal Accretion and Erosion, Global Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 1984-2016 -- Figure 2.9 Natural Habitat Index Trends in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion. Figure 2.10 Sustainability of Water Withdrawals, by Source, as a Share of Total Withdrawals in Middle East and North Africa Economies, 2010s -- Figure 2.11 Mean Sea Level Rise of the Mediterranean Sea, 1993-2020 -- Figure 2.12 Trends in Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Subregions and Other Global Regions, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.13 Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.14 Progress in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, by Global Region, since 1990 -- Figure 2.15 Extent of Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.16 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from Black Carbon Emissions Per Capita since 1990 -- Figure 2.17 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from PM2.5 Exposure since 1990 -- Figure 3.1 Ambient Air Pollution in Urban Areas, by World Region, 2016 -- Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Pollution in Capital Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.3 Ambient Air Pollution in Non-Capital Major Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.4 Global Comparison of Ambient Air Pollution in Capital or Other Major Cities in Relation to Countries' Income Levels -- Figure B3.1.1 Size Comparisons for PM10 and PM2.5 Particles -- Figure 3.5 Share of Total Mortality Risk from Most Prevalent Causes in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019 -- Figure 3.6 Trends in Risk Exposure, by Cause, in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.7 AAP-Induced Causes of Death in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019. Figure 3.8 Death Rates Attributable to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.9 Total AAP-Related Deaths in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Trends in Morbidity Due to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.12 Estimated Effect of Increased AAP Exposure during Pregnancy on Probability of Stunting or Wasting of Children Born 2002-14, Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries -- Figure 3.13 Global Morbidity and Mortality Rates Related to Air Pollution, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Decomposition of National Sources of PM2.5 Concentrations in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2018 -- Figure 3.15 Decomposition of PM2.5 Sources in Greater Cairo, Summer and Fall 2010 -- Figure 3.16 Decomposition of Air Pollutant Sources, by Sector, in the EEA-33 Countries, 2017 -- Figure 3.17 Average Diesel and Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter, by Global Region, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.18 Average Diesel Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.19 Average Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2020 -- Figure 3.20 Shares of Total Population Living in Urban Areas and Country's Largest City, by Global Region, 2018 -- Figure 3.21 Share of All Motorized Trips Using Personal Cars, by Global Region -- Figure B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 3.22 Energy Use Per Unit of Output and Growth Rate, by World Region -- Figure 3.23 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses, by World Region, 2014. Figure 3.24 Municipal Waste Burned Per Capita in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010.
9781464818134
Coast changes.
Ecology.
Electronic books.
Blue Skies, Blue Seas : Air Pollution, Marine Plastics, and Coastal Erosion in the Middle East and North Africa. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (405 pages) - MENA Development Report . - MENA Development Report .
Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Overview -- "Blue" Capital and Three Core Issues -- Road Map to the Report -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Human Advancement and Sustainable Natural Capital Use in the Middle East and North Africa -- Overview -- Improvement in Incomes, Produced Capital, and Human Capital -- Natural Capital Deteriorates as Environmental Degradation Accelerates -- A Lag in Decoupling Growth from Air Pollution and GHGs -- Switching to a Green Growth Path -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Blue Skies for Healthy and Prosperous Cities -- Overview -- How Polluted Are the Cities' Skies? -- The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Blue Seas: Freeing the Seas from Plastics -- Overview -- The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas -- The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Blue Seas: Fighting Coastal Erosion -- Overview -- How Eroded Is the Coast? -- The Economic Impacts of Eroded Coasts -- Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Green Recovery Goals Guide COVID-19 Responses by Multilateral Organizations -- Box 2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies -- Box 2.3 Carbon Wealth in the Middle East and North Africa and Its Potential Pitfalls -- Box 3.1 Different Sources and Health Effects of Different PM Diameters -- Box 3.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates -- Box 3.3 Reforming Fuel Subsidies: Lessons from International Experience -- Box 3.4 Slashing Fuel Subsidies during Periods of Low Global Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent. Box 3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences -- Box 3.6 Vehicle Technology and Related Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.7 Fuel Quality Standards in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.8 Public Transportation in Middle East and North Africa's Cities -- Box 3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution -- Box 3.10 Successful Pollution Abatement Projects in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.11 California's Emissions Trading System -- Box 3.12 Saudi Arabia's Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency -- Box 3.13 Regional Examples of Investment in Renewable Energy Sources -- Box 3.14 Reducing the "Black Cloud" Phenomenon in Greater Cairo -- Box 3.15 Reusing Crop Residues as Fertilizer with the Happy Seeder -- Box 3.16 Public Awareness Programs on Air Pollution in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 4.1 Marine-Plastic Pollution within the International Policy Agenda -- Box 4.2 Identifying the Hot Spots of Marine-Plastic Debris along Morocco's Coasts -- Box 4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems -- Box 4.4 A Snapshot of the Petrochemical Industry in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates -- Box 4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production -- Box 4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling -- Box 4.8 Emerging Alternatives to SUPs in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP -- Box 4.10 Plastics Circularity and Market Potential: Examples from Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand -- Box 4.11 Integration of Recyclers into Local Waste Management Systems: Examples from Latin America -- Box 5.1 Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa and the Impact of COVID-19 -- Box 5.2 Sediment Budgets and Numerical Modeling in West Africa. Box 5.3 Iraq's Al-Faw Grand Port: Computational Modeling to Eliminate Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.4 Rosetta Promontory: Computational Modeling of Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Morocco -- Box 5.6 Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 5.7 India's ICZM Project: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options -- Box 5.9 Effects of Different Defense Structures in Soliman Beach, Tunisia -- Box 5.10 Building with Nature: Approaches for Beach Replenishment from the Netherlands -- Figure -- Figure ES.1 Urban Air Pollution, Marine-Plastic Pollution, and Net Coastal Erosion, by Region -- Figure 2.1 Capital Accounting Framework -- Figure 2.2 Gross National Income Per Capita, by Subregion, Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.3 Trends in Access and Use of Basic Sanitation and Drinking Water Services in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.4 Trends in Rural Access to Electricity and Total Population's Internet Use in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.5 Selected Human Capital Indicators in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.6 Recent Trends in Selected Gas Emissions in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.7 Volume of Plastic Debris Entering the Seas from the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010 and 2025 -- Figure 2.8 Average Annual Net Coastal Accretion and Erosion, Global Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 1984-2016 -- Figure 2.9 Natural Habitat Index Trends in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion. Figure 2.10 Sustainability of Water Withdrawals, by Source, as a Share of Total Withdrawals in Middle East and North Africa Economies, 2010s -- Figure 2.11 Mean Sea Level Rise of the Mediterranean Sea, 1993-2020 -- Figure 2.12 Trends in Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Subregions and Other Global Regions, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.13 Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.14 Progress in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, by Global Region, since 1990 -- Figure 2.15 Extent of Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.16 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from Black Carbon Emissions Per Capita since 1990 -- Figure 2.17 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from PM2.5 Exposure since 1990 -- Figure 3.1 Ambient Air Pollution in Urban Areas, by World Region, 2016 -- Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Pollution in Capital Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.3 Ambient Air Pollution in Non-Capital Major Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.4 Global Comparison of Ambient Air Pollution in Capital or Other Major Cities in Relation to Countries' Income Levels -- Figure B3.1.1 Size Comparisons for PM10 and PM2.5 Particles -- Figure 3.5 Share of Total Mortality Risk from Most Prevalent Causes in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019 -- Figure 3.6 Trends in Risk Exposure, by Cause, in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.7 AAP-Induced Causes of Death in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019. Figure 3.8 Death Rates Attributable to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.9 Total AAP-Related Deaths in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Trends in Morbidity Due to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.12 Estimated Effect of Increased AAP Exposure during Pregnancy on Probability of Stunting or Wasting of Children Born 2002-14, Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries -- Figure 3.13 Global Morbidity and Mortality Rates Related to Air Pollution, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Decomposition of National Sources of PM2.5 Concentrations in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2018 -- Figure 3.15 Decomposition of PM2.5 Sources in Greater Cairo, Summer and Fall 2010 -- Figure 3.16 Decomposition of Air Pollutant Sources, by Sector, in the EEA-33 Countries, 2017 -- Figure 3.17 Average Diesel and Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter, by Global Region, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.18 Average Diesel Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.19 Average Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2020 -- Figure 3.20 Shares of Total Population Living in Urban Areas and Country's Largest City, by Global Region, 2018 -- Figure 3.21 Share of All Motorized Trips Using Personal Cars, by Global Region -- Figure B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 3.22 Energy Use Per Unit of Output and Growth Rate, by World Region -- Figure 3.23 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses, by World Region, 2014. Figure 3.24 Municipal Waste Burned Per Capita in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010.
9781464818134
Coast changes.
Ecology.
Electronic books.