Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis.
Velkushanova, Konstantina.
Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (438 pages)
Intro -- Cover -- Table of contents -- 1. Setting the stage -- 1.1 CITY-WIDE INCLUSIVE SANITATION -- 1.2 WHAT IS FAECAL SLUDGE? -- 1.3 TOWARDS STANDARDISATION OF METHODS FOR FAECAL SLUDGE ANALYSIS -- 1.4 INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DATA COLLECTION -- 1.5 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES -- REFERENCES -- 2. Faecal sludge properties and considerations for characterisation -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 TYPES OF FAECAL SLUDGE -- 2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE SANITATION SERVICE CHAIN -- 2.3.1 Inputs to faecal sludge production -- 2.3.1.1 Excreta -- 2.3.1.2 Water inputs -- 2.3.1.3 Anal cleansing materials -- 2.3.1.4 Additional inputs -- 2.3.2 Factors affecting characteristics of accumulated faecal sludge -- 2.3.2.1 Technical factors -- 2.3.2.2 Demographic factors -- 2.3.2.3 Environmental factors -- 2.3.2.4 Variability of accumulated faecal sludge -- 2.3.2.5 Developments and innovations in onsite containment -- 2.3.3 Emptying and transport -- 2.3.3.1 Storage time or emptying frequency -- 2.3.3.2 Manual or mechanical emptying -- 2.3.3.3 Transportation -- 2.3.3.4 Innovations in faecal sludge emptying and transportation -- 2.3.4 Treatment and end use -- 2.3.4.1 Faecal sludge treatment plants -- 2.3.4.2 End use or disposal -- 2.3.4.3 Innovations in treatment and end use -- 2.3.4.4 Container-based sanitation (CBS) -- 2.3.4.5 Summary of technologies along the sanitation service chain -- 2.4 PROPERTIES OF FAECAL SLUDGE AND SELECTING METHODS OF CHARACTERISATION -- 2.4.1 Faecal sludge properties -- 2.4.1.1 Chemical and physico-chemical properties -- 2.4.1.2 Physical properties -- 2.4.1.3 Biological properties -- 2.4.2 Selection of appropriate methods for characterisation -- 2.5 SETTING UP LABORATORIES FOR FAECAL SLUDGE ANALYSIS -- 2.5.1 Faecal sludge laboratory workflow -- 2.5.2 Health and safety practices -- 2.5.3 Laboratory management systems. 2.5.4 Case studies of global faecal sludge laboratories -- 2.5.5 Global Partnership of Laboratories for Faecal Sludge Analysis (GPLFSA) -- 2.6 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 3. Faecal sludge sample collection and handling -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 SAMPLING OBJECTIVE -- 3.2.1 Containment -- 3.2.2 Collection and transport -- 3.2.3 Treatment -- 3.2.4 End use -- 3.3 REPRESENTATIVENESS -- 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES -- 3.4.1 Grab sampling -- 3.4.2 Composite sampling -- 3.5 SAMPLING AND MEASURING DEVICES -- 3.5.1 L-stick sludge and scum measuring device -- 3.5.2 Core sampling device -- 3.5.3 Vacuum sludge sampling device -- 3.5.4 Cone-shaped sampling device -- 3.5.5 Grab sampling device - horizontal -- 3.5.6 Grab sampling beaker device - vertical -- 3.5.7 Automatic composite sampler -- 3.5.8 Distance laser measuring device -- 3.5.9 Portable penetrometer -- 3.6 SAMPLING METHODS AND LOCATION -- 3.6.1 Sampling in situ from onsite containment technologies -- 3.6.2 Sampling during emptying of onsite containment technologies -- 3.6.3 Sampling at faecal sludge treatment plants -- 3.7 SAMPLE SIZE -- 3.8 HEALTH AND SAFETY -- 3.9 SAMPLE COLLECTION -- 3.10 RECORDING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION -- 3.11 TRANSPORT -- 3.12 STORAGE AND PRESERVATION -- 3.13 EXAMPLE OF SAMPLING KIT -- 3.14 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 4. Experimental design for the development, transfer, scaling-up, and optimisation of treatment technologies: case studies of dewatering and drying -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTATION IN FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT -- 4.2.1 Scales of experiments -- 4.2.2 Designing an experiment -- 4.3 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: CONDITIONING TO IMPROVE DEWATERING -- 4.3.1 Introduction to faecal sludge dewatering with conditioners -- 4.3.2 Types and mechanisms of conditioners -- 4.3.3 Key parameters for selection of conditioners and optimal dose -- 4.3.4 Laboratory- and pilot-scale testing. 4.3.5 Case studies - conditioning for improved dewatering -- 4.4 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: THERMAL DRYING FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY OF DRIED SLUDGE FOR ENERGY -- 4.4.1 Introduction to resource recovery of faecal sludge as solid fuel -- 4.4.2 Introduction to faecal sludge drying -- 4.4.3 Types and mechanisms of thermal drying (technical background) -- 4.4.4 Key parameters when implementing thermal-drying technologies -- 4.4.5 Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale testing -- 4.4.6 Case studies - thermal drying for energy recovery -- 4.5 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: MICROWAVE DRYING FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY OF DRIED SLUDGE FOR ENERGY -- 4.5 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 5. Estimating quantities and qualities (Q& -- Q) of faecal sludge at community to city-wide scales -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 BACKGROUND -- 5.2.1 Scenario projections for planning and management -- 5.2.2 Mass balance: quantifying loadings of faecal sludge -- 5.2.2.1 Production of excreta and faecal sludge -- 5.2.2.2 Accumulation of faecal sludge -- 5.2.2.3 Fate of faecal sludge -- 5.3 STEPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION -- 5.4 FURTHER RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL POSSIBILITIES -- 5.4.1 Remote sensing -- 5.4.2 Additional spatial analysis -- 5.4.3 Interrelationships between sludge characteristics -- 5.4.4 Evaluating categories of data to evaluate separately -- 5.4.5 Predictive models -- 5.5 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 6. Towards city-wide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) modelling: modelling of faecal sludge containment/treatment processes -- 6.1 BACKGROUND -- 6.2 INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING - LEARNING FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE MODELS -- 6.2.1 What is a model? -- 6.2.2 Modelling basics -- 6.2.2.1 Model building -- 6.2.2.2 General activated sludge model set-up -- 6.2.2.3 The matrix notation -- 6.2.2.4 Wastewater treatment models -- 6.2.2.5 Modelling protocols -- 6.3 TOWARDS AN ONSITE SANITATION MODELLING FRAMEWORK. 6.3.1 Onsite sanitation modelling: formulation of objectives -- 6.3.2 Onsite sanitation modelling: process description -- 6.3.2.1 Portable toilets -- 6.3.2.2 Single pit latrines -- 6.3.2.3 Septic tanks -- 6.3.3 Onsite sanitation modelling: data collection and verification -- 6.3.4 Onsite sanitation modelling: model structure -- 6.3.4.1 Model structure of commonly used onsite sanitation systems -- 6.3.4.2 Model structures of other sanitation systems -- 6.3.5 Onsite sanitation modelling: characterisation of flows -- 6.3.6 Onsite sanitation modelling: calibration and validation -- 6.3.7 Onsite sanitation modelling: detailed characterisation -- 6.3.7.1 Faecal sludge characterisation and fractionation -- 6.3.7.2 Inhibition and toxicity -- 6.3.7.3 Pathogen inactivation -- 6.3.8 Modelling applications, benefits and challenges -- 6.4 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 7. Faecal sludge simulants: review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FAECES AND FAECAL SLUDGE -- 7.2.1 Faeces -- 7.2.2 Faecal sludge -- 7.3 SYNTHETIC FAECES AND FAECAL SLUDGE FOUND IN THE LITERATURE -- 7.3.1 Physical parameters -- 7.3.1.1 Faeces simulants -- 7.3.1.2 Faecal sludge simulants -- 7.3.2 Chemical, biological, and thermal parameters -- 7.3.2.1 Faeces simulants -- 7.3.2.2 Faecal sludge simulants -- 7.4 DISCUSSION -- 7.4.1 Development of a new simulant -- 7.4.1.1 Synthetic faeces -- 7.4.1.2 Synthetic faecal sludge -- 7.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8. Laboratory procedures and methods for characterisation of faecal sludge -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY (H& -- S) -- 8.2.1 Monitoring and responsibilities -- 8.2.2 Standard operating procedures (SOPs) -- 8.2.3 Handling of faecal sludge -- 8.2.3.1 Personal protective equipment -- 8.2.3.2 Vaccinations / inoculations. 8.2.3.3 'Clean' and 'dirty' work areas -- 8.2.3.4 Sampling -- 8.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (QA/QC) -- 8.3.1 Training -- 8.3.2 Standard operating procedures -- 8.3.3 Laboratory facilities -- 8.3.4 Sample chain of command -- 8.3.4.1 Laboratory photographs and notebooks -- 8.3.4.2 Equipment maintenance and calibration -- 8.3.4.3 Reporting of results -- 8.3.4.4 Checking compliance -- 8.3.5 Quality control -- 8.4 SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE METHOD FOR THE PURPOSE OF CHARACTERISATION -- 8.4.1 Faecal sludge storage and preservation -- 8.4.2 Faecal sludge sample preparation for analysis -- 8.2.4.1 Homogenisation of samples -- 8.2.4.2 Dilution of samples -- 8.2.4.3 Filtration -- 8.2.4.4 Centrifugation -- 8.4.3 Sample and chemical disposal -- 8.5 SHIPPING AND RECEIVING OF FAECAL SLUDGE SAMPLES AND EQUIPMENT -- 8.6 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 8.6.1 Solids and moisture content -- 8.6.1.1 Total solids and moisture content - volumetric and gravimetric methods by oven drying3 -- 8.6.1.1.1 Introduction -- 8.6.1.1.2 Safety precautions -- 8.6.1.1.3 Apparatus and instruments -- 8.6.1.1.4 Quality control -- 8.6.1.1.5 Sample preservation -- 8.6.1.1.6 Sample preparation -- 8.6.1.1.7 Analysis protocol -- 8.6.1.1.8 Calculation -- 8.6.1.1.9 Data set example -- 8.6.1.2 Volatile and fixed solids - ignition method5 -- 8.6.1.2.1 Introduction -- 8.6.1.2.2 Safety precautions -- 8.6.1.2.3 Apparatus and instruments -- 8.6.1.2.4 Quality control -- 8.6.1.2.5 Sample preservation -- 8.6.1.2.6 Sample preparation -- 8.6.1.2.7 Analysis protocol -- 8.6.1.2.8 Calculation -- 8.6.1.2.9 Data set example -- 8.6.1.3 Total suspended solids and total dissolved solids - oven drying method6 -- 8.6.1.3.1 Introduction -- 8.6.1.3.2 Safety precaution -- 8.6.1.3.3 Apparatus and instruments -- 8.6.1.3.4 Quality control -- 8.6.1.3.5 Sample preservation. 8.6.1.3.6 Sample preparation.
9781780409122
Electronic books.
628.364
Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (438 pages)
Intro -- Cover -- Table of contents -- 1. Setting the stage -- 1.1 CITY-WIDE INCLUSIVE SANITATION -- 1.2 WHAT IS FAECAL SLUDGE? -- 1.3 TOWARDS STANDARDISATION OF METHODS FOR FAECAL SLUDGE ANALYSIS -- 1.4 INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DATA COLLECTION -- 1.5 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES -- REFERENCES -- 2. Faecal sludge properties and considerations for characterisation -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 TYPES OF FAECAL SLUDGE -- 2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE SANITATION SERVICE CHAIN -- 2.3.1 Inputs to faecal sludge production -- 2.3.1.1 Excreta -- 2.3.1.2 Water inputs -- 2.3.1.3 Anal cleansing materials -- 2.3.1.4 Additional inputs -- 2.3.2 Factors affecting characteristics of accumulated faecal sludge -- 2.3.2.1 Technical factors -- 2.3.2.2 Demographic factors -- 2.3.2.3 Environmental factors -- 2.3.2.4 Variability of accumulated faecal sludge -- 2.3.2.5 Developments and innovations in onsite containment -- 2.3.3 Emptying and transport -- 2.3.3.1 Storage time or emptying frequency -- 2.3.3.2 Manual or mechanical emptying -- 2.3.3.3 Transportation -- 2.3.3.4 Innovations in faecal sludge emptying and transportation -- 2.3.4 Treatment and end use -- 2.3.4.1 Faecal sludge treatment plants -- 2.3.4.2 End use or disposal -- 2.3.4.3 Innovations in treatment and end use -- 2.3.4.4 Container-based sanitation (CBS) -- 2.3.4.5 Summary of technologies along the sanitation service chain -- 2.4 PROPERTIES OF FAECAL SLUDGE AND SELECTING METHODS OF CHARACTERISATION -- 2.4.1 Faecal sludge properties -- 2.4.1.1 Chemical and physico-chemical properties -- 2.4.1.2 Physical properties -- 2.4.1.3 Biological properties -- 2.4.2 Selection of appropriate methods for characterisation -- 2.5 SETTING UP LABORATORIES FOR FAECAL SLUDGE ANALYSIS -- 2.5.1 Faecal sludge laboratory workflow -- 2.5.2 Health and safety practices -- 2.5.3 Laboratory management systems. 2.5.4 Case studies of global faecal sludge laboratories -- 2.5.5 Global Partnership of Laboratories for Faecal Sludge Analysis (GPLFSA) -- 2.6 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 3. Faecal sludge sample collection and handling -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 SAMPLING OBJECTIVE -- 3.2.1 Containment -- 3.2.2 Collection and transport -- 3.2.3 Treatment -- 3.2.4 End use -- 3.3 REPRESENTATIVENESS -- 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES -- 3.4.1 Grab sampling -- 3.4.2 Composite sampling -- 3.5 SAMPLING AND MEASURING DEVICES -- 3.5.1 L-stick sludge and scum measuring device -- 3.5.2 Core sampling device -- 3.5.3 Vacuum sludge sampling device -- 3.5.4 Cone-shaped sampling device -- 3.5.5 Grab sampling device - horizontal -- 3.5.6 Grab sampling beaker device - vertical -- 3.5.7 Automatic composite sampler -- 3.5.8 Distance laser measuring device -- 3.5.9 Portable penetrometer -- 3.6 SAMPLING METHODS AND LOCATION -- 3.6.1 Sampling in situ from onsite containment technologies -- 3.6.2 Sampling during emptying of onsite containment technologies -- 3.6.3 Sampling at faecal sludge treatment plants -- 3.7 SAMPLE SIZE -- 3.8 HEALTH AND SAFETY -- 3.9 SAMPLE COLLECTION -- 3.10 RECORDING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION -- 3.11 TRANSPORT -- 3.12 STORAGE AND PRESERVATION -- 3.13 EXAMPLE OF SAMPLING KIT -- 3.14 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 4. Experimental design for the development, transfer, scaling-up, and optimisation of treatment technologies: case studies of dewatering and drying -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTATION IN FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT -- 4.2.1 Scales of experiments -- 4.2.2 Designing an experiment -- 4.3 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: CONDITIONING TO IMPROVE DEWATERING -- 4.3.1 Introduction to faecal sludge dewatering with conditioners -- 4.3.2 Types and mechanisms of conditioners -- 4.3.3 Key parameters for selection of conditioners and optimal dose -- 4.3.4 Laboratory- and pilot-scale testing. 4.3.5 Case studies - conditioning for improved dewatering -- 4.4 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: THERMAL DRYING FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY OF DRIED SLUDGE FOR ENERGY -- 4.4.1 Introduction to resource recovery of faecal sludge as solid fuel -- 4.4.2 Introduction to faecal sludge drying -- 4.4.3 Types and mechanisms of thermal drying (technical background) -- 4.4.4 Key parameters when implementing thermal-drying technologies -- 4.4.5 Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale testing -- 4.4.6 Case studies - thermal drying for energy recovery -- 4.5 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: MICROWAVE DRYING FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY OF DRIED SLUDGE FOR ENERGY -- 4.5 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 5. Estimating quantities and qualities (Q& -- Q) of faecal sludge at community to city-wide scales -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 BACKGROUND -- 5.2.1 Scenario projections for planning and management -- 5.2.2 Mass balance: quantifying loadings of faecal sludge -- 5.2.2.1 Production of excreta and faecal sludge -- 5.2.2.2 Accumulation of faecal sludge -- 5.2.2.3 Fate of faecal sludge -- 5.3 STEPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION -- 5.4 FURTHER RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL POSSIBILITIES -- 5.4.1 Remote sensing -- 5.4.2 Additional spatial analysis -- 5.4.3 Interrelationships between sludge characteristics -- 5.4.4 Evaluating categories of data to evaluate separately -- 5.4.5 Predictive models -- 5.5 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 6. Towards city-wide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) modelling: modelling of faecal sludge containment/treatment processes -- 6.1 BACKGROUND -- 6.2 INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING - LEARNING FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE MODELS -- 6.2.1 What is a model? -- 6.2.2 Modelling basics -- 6.2.2.1 Model building -- 6.2.2.2 General activated sludge model set-up -- 6.2.2.3 The matrix notation -- 6.2.2.4 Wastewater treatment models -- 6.2.2.5 Modelling protocols -- 6.3 TOWARDS AN ONSITE SANITATION MODELLING FRAMEWORK. 6.3.1 Onsite sanitation modelling: formulation of objectives -- 6.3.2 Onsite sanitation modelling: process description -- 6.3.2.1 Portable toilets -- 6.3.2.2 Single pit latrines -- 6.3.2.3 Septic tanks -- 6.3.3 Onsite sanitation modelling: data collection and verification -- 6.3.4 Onsite sanitation modelling: model structure -- 6.3.4.1 Model structure of commonly used onsite sanitation systems -- 6.3.4.2 Model structures of other sanitation systems -- 6.3.5 Onsite sanitation modelling: characterisation of flows -- 6.3.6 Onsite sanitation modelling: calibration and validation -- 6.3.7 Onsite sanitation modelling: detailed characterisation -- 6.3.7.1 Faecal sludge characterisation and fractionation -- 6.3.7.2 Inhibition and toxicity -- 6.3.7.3 Pathogen inactivation -- 6.3.8 Modelling applications, benefits and challenges -- 6.4 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 7. Faecal sludge simulants: review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FAECES AND FAECAL SLUDGE -- 7.2.1 Faeces -- 7.2.2 Faecal sludge -- 7.3 SYNTHETIC FAECES AND FAECAL SLUDGE FOUND IN THE LITERATURE -- 7.3.1 Physical parameters -- 7.3.1.1 Faeces simulants -- 7.3.1.2 Faecal sludge simulants -- 7.3.2 Chemical, biological, and thermal parameters -- 7.3.2.1 Faeces simulants -- 7.3.2.2 Faecal sludge simulants -- 7.4 DISCUSSION -- 7.4.1 Development of a new simulant -- 7.4.1.1 Synthetic faeces -- 7.4.1.2 Synthetic faecal sludge -- 7.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8. Laboratory procedures and methods for characterisation of faecal sludge -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY (H& -- S) -- 8.2.1 Monitoring and responsibilities -- 8.2.2 Standard operating procedures (SOPs) -- 8.2.3 Handling of faecal sludge -- 8.2.3.1 Personal protective equipment -- 8.2.3.2 Vaccinations / inoculations. 8.2.3.3 'Clean' and 'dirty' work areas -- 8.2.3.4 Sampling -- 8.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (QA/QC) -- 8.3.1 Training -- 8.3.2 Standard operating procedures -- 8.3.3 Laboratory facilities -- 8.3.4 Sample chain of command -- 8.3.4.1 Laboratory photographs and notebooks -- 8.3.4.2 Equipment maintenance and calibration -- 8.3.4.3 Reporting of results -- 8.3.4.4 Checking compliance -- 8.3.5 Quality control -- 8.4 SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE METHOD FOR THE PURPOSE OF CHARACTERISATION -- 8.4.1 Faecal sludge storage and preservation -- 8.4.2 Faecal sludge sample preparation for analysis -- 8.2.4.1 Homogenisation of samples -- 8.2.4.2 Dilution of samples -- 8.2.4.3 Filtration -- 8.2.4.4 Centrifugation -- 8.4.3 Sample and chemical disposal -- 8.5 SHIPPING AND RECEIVING OF FAECAL SLUDGE SAMPLES AND EQUIPMENT -- 8.6 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 8.6.1 Solids and moisture content -- 8.6.1.1 Total solids and moisture content - volumetric and gravimetric methods by oven drying3 -- 8.6.1.1.1 Introduction -- 8.6.1.1.2 Safety precautions -- 8.6.1.1.3 Apparatus and instruments -- 8.6.1.1.4 Quality control -- 8.6.1.1.5 Sample preservation -- 8.6.1.1.6 Sample preparation -- 8.6.1.1.7 Analysis protocol -- 8.6.1.1.8 Calculation -- 8.6.1.1.9 Data set example -- 8.6.1.2 Volatile and fixed solids - ignition method5 -- 8.6.1.2.1 Introduction -- 8.6.1.2.2 Safety precautions -- 8.6.1.2.3 Apparatus and instruments -- 8.6.1.2.4 Quality control -- 8.6.1.2.5 Sample preservation -- 8.6.1.2.6 Sample preparation -- 8.6.1.2.7 Analysis protocol -- 8.6.1.2.8 Calculation -- 8.6.1.2.9 Data set example -- 8.6.1.3 Total suspended solids and total dissolved solids - oven drying method6 -- 8.6.1.3.1 Introduction -- 8.6.1.3.2 Safety precaution -- 8.6.1.3.3 Apparatus and instruments -- 8.6.1.3.4 Quality control -- 8.6.1.3.5 Sample preservation. 8.6.1.3.6 Sample preparation.
9781780409122
Electronic books.
628.364