Model Tests and Numerical Simulations of Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading : Leap-Ucd-2017.
Kutter, Bruce L.
Model Tests and Numerical Simulations of Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading : Leap-Ucd-2017. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (655 pages)
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Overview Papers -- Chapter 1: LEAP-UCD-2017 V. 1.01 Model Specifications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Differences Between This Paper and Pre-test Specifications -- 1.1.2 Goals and Overview -- 1.2 Scaling Laws -- 1.3 Description of the Model Construction and Instrumentation -- 1.3.1 Soil Material: Ottawa F-65 Sand -- Modified ASTM D4254 Method C for Minimum Dry Density -- Modified Lade et al. (1998) Method for Maximum Density -- 1.3.2 Placement of the Sand by Pluviation -- 1.3.3 Measurement of Density of the Sand -- 1.3.4 Geometry of the Model -- 1.3.5 Saturation of the Model -- 1.4 Instrumentation of the Model -- 1.4.1 Required Instrumentation -- 1.4.2 Displacement Measurements -- Careful Before and After Photographs of the Model and Surface Markers -- Lateral Displacements from Cameras Mounted on the Centrifuge -- Residual Settlements from Pore Pressure Sensors -- Direct Measurements of Sensor and Surface Marker Locations -- Colored Sand Layers, Noodles, and Sensor Locations During Dissection -- Settlement Gage Sensors -- Tactile Pressure Sensors -- 1.5 Cone Penetration Testing -- 1.6 Shear Wave Velocity -- 1.7 Ground Motions -- 1.7.1 Destructive Ground Motions -- 1.7.2 Nondestructive Ground Motions -- 1.7.3 Assessment of Tapered Sine Wave (TSW) Ground Motions -- 1.8 Data Reporting Anticipated Plan/Concept -- 1.8.1 New Leap Database -- 1.8.2 Dynamic Shaking Sensor Data -- 1.8.3 Pore Pressure Long-Term Time Series Data -- 1.8.4 Summary of Other Anticipated Report Requirements to Be Detailed in a Separate Document -- References -- Chapter 2: Grain Size Analysis and Maximum and Minimum Dry Density Testing of Ottawa F-65 Sand for LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 2.1 Background and Introduction -- 2.2 Grain Size Analysis -- 2.2.1 Discussion of Grain Size Analyses -- 2.3 Minimum and Maximum Index Dry Density. 2.3.1 LEAP Minimum Density Procedure -- 2.3.2 LEAP Maximum Density Procedure -- 2.3.3 Results of Index Dry Density Testing -- 2.3.4 Discussion of Minimum Density -- 2.3.5 Discussion of Maximum Density -- 2.4 Testing Results Effect on Relative Density -- 2.5 Measurements by ASTM Method -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ottawa F65 Sand -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ottawa F65 Soil Characterization -- 3.2.1 Specific Gravity Tests -- 3.2.2 Particle Size Distribution Analysis -- 3.2.3 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 3.2.4 Maximum and Minimum Void Ratios -- 3.3 Cyclic Triaxial Tests -- 3.3.1 Experiment Procedures -- 3.3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3.3 Summary of Experimental Results and Observations -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: LEAP-UCD-2017 Comparison of Centrifuge Test Results -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Densities and Penetration Resistances -- 4.3 Base Input Motions in First Destructive Motion -- 4.4 Acceleration Response of Soil Layers in First Destructive Motion -- 4.5 Displacement Response of the Soil Layers in First Destructive Motion -- 4.6 Pore Pressure Response of Soil Layers in First Destructive Motion -- 4.7 Correlations Between Displacement, Dr, and IMs -- 4.7.1 Rationale for Scaling Between PGA and CSR for Simplified Procedure -- 4.8 Correlations Between Excess Pore Pressures, Dr, and IMs -- 4.9 Correlations Between Peak Cyclic Displacements, Dr, and IMs -- 4.10 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Archiving of Experimental Data for LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Accessing Published LEAP-UCD-2017 Data in DesignSafe -- 5.2.1 General Report File: 1_ExperimentStrenDemPerfSummary_v11b.xlsx -- 5.2.2 General Report File: 2a_AllTestsCompared_24TestsPerPage.pdf -- 5.2.3 General Report Folder: 2b_AllTestsCompared_24TestsPerPage_OnePagePerFile. 5.2.4 General Report File: 3_AllSensorDataFromAllTests.pdf -- 5.2.5 General Report File: 4_Version1.01_LEAP UCD2017_SpecsforExperiments.docx -- 5.2.6 General Report File: 5_Version_0.99_2017_CentrifugeTestTemplate.xlsx -- 5.2.7 General Report Folder: 6_LEAP-UCD-2017 Cone Penetrometer Equipment Details -- 5.2.8 General Report Folder: 7_Videos of Max and Min Density Tests -- 5.2.9 General Report File: 8_Dec2017WorkshopHandout.pdf -- 5.3 Detailed Data for Each Model Test -- 5.3.1 Selecting an Experiment Site -- 5.3.2 Model Configuration Data -- 5.3.3 Sensor Information -- 5.4 Working Directory for Data LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Comparison of LEAP-UCD-2017 CPT Results -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Design -- 6.3 LEAP-UCD-2017 Experiment -- 6.4 Depth at Which the Cone Tip Touches the Surface (Depth of Zero Penetration) -- 6.5 Effects of Scale Factor and Container Width -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Difference and Sensitivity Analyses of the LEAP-2017 Experiments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experiment Overview -- 7.3 Difference Metrics -- 7.3.1 Input Motion Differences -- 7.3.2 Response Motion Differences -- 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 7.4.1 Acceleration Sensitivity -- 7.4.2 Permanent Displacement Sensitivity -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: LEAP-2017 Simulation Exercise: Overview of Guidelines for the Element Test Simulations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Soil Characterization and Element Tests -- 8.2.1 LEAP-2017 Tests -- 8.2.2 Additional Available Element Tests on Ottawa Sand -- 8.3 Model Calibration Report by Simulation Teams -- 8.3.1 Model Description -- 8.3.2 Model Parameters -- 8.3.3 Calibration Method -- 8.3.4 Liquefaction Strength Curves -- 8.4 Simulation Results -- 8.4.1 Results Data Files -- 8.4.2 Matlab Scripts -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References. Chapter 9: LEAP-2017 Simulation Exercise: Calibration of Constitutive Models and Simulation of the Element Tests -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Numerical Simulation Teams -- 9.3 Summary of the Element Test Simulations -- 9.4 Liquefaction Strength Curves -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: LEAP-2017: Comparison of the Type-B Numerical Simulations with Centrifuge Test Results -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 LEAP-2017 Centrifuge Experiments -- 10.3 Type-B Numerical Simulations -- 10.4 Summary of Type-B Simulations Results -- 10.4.1 Excess Pore Water Pressure Time Histories -- 10.4.2 Acceleration Time Histories and Spectral Accelerations -- 10.4.3 Lateral Displacements -- 10.5 Overall Performance of Numerical Simulations -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Numerical Sensitivity Study Compared to Trend of Experiments for LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 11.1 Description of the Requested Sensitivity Study -- 11.2 Characterization of Displacements from Experiments -- 11.3 2D Comparisons of Experimental Regression Surfaces to Numerical Simulations -- 11.4 Error Measures and Ranking of Numerical Simulations -- 11.5 3-D Comparison of Simulations to Experimental Regression Surfaces -- 11.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Centrifuge Experiment Papers -- Chapter 12: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Tests at Cambridge -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Experiment Setup -- 12.2.1 Sand Pouring -- 12.2.2 Viscosity Measurement -- 12.2.3 Saturation -- 12.2.4 Slope Cutting -- 12.2.5 CPT -- 12.3 Destructive Motions -- 12.4 CPT Strength Profiles -- 12.5 PIV -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Test at University of California, Davis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 UC Davis Test Specific Information -- 13.2.1 Description of the Model and Instrumentation -- 13.2.2 Sensors -- 13.2.3 Scaling Laws -- 13.3 Test Results. 13.3.1 Achieved Ground Motions -- 13.3.2 Accelerometer Records During Destructive Motions -- 13.3.3 Excess Pore Pressures -- 13.3.4 Cone Penetration Tests -- 13.3.5 Surface Marker Surveys -- 13.4 Nonconformities with Specifications -- 13.5 Advancements in Centrifuge Testing -- 13.6 Method of Measuring Density -- 13.7 Pore Fluid Viscosity and Saturation -- 13.7.1 Pore Fluid Viscosity -- 13.7.2 Model Saturation -- 13.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: LEAP-2017 Centrifuge Test at Ehime University -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Centrifuge at Ehime University -- 14.3 Centrifuge Model -- 14.3.1 Model Description -- 14.3.2 Sand -- 14.3.3 Placement of Sand -- 14.3.4 Saturation -- 14.3.5 Test Procedure -- 14.4 Results -- 14.4.1 Shear Wave Velocity -- 14.4.2 Input Acceleration -- 14.4.3 Excess Pore Pressure Response -- 14.4.4 Liquefaction Triggering -- 14.4.5 Deformation of the Model -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Test at IFSTTAR -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 As Built Model -- 15.2.1 Soil Material and Placement of the Sand by Pluviation -- 15.2.2 Rigid Container Configuration and Sensor Layout -- 15.2.3 Viscosity of Pore Fluid -- 15.2.4 Saturation Process -- 15.3 Achieved Ground Motions -- 15.3.1 Horizontal Component -- 15.3.2 Vertical Component -- 15.4 Results -- 15.4.1 Pore Pressure and Acceleration Responses -- 15.4.2 Surface Maker Response -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Test at KAIST -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Centrifuge Facility and Earthquake Simulator at KAIST -- 16.3 Physical Modeling -- 16.3.1 Soil Material and Density -- 16.3.2 Viscous Fluid -- 16.3.3 Model Description and Instrumentations -- 16.3.4 Saturation and Container Modifications -- 16.3.5 Sequence of the Centrifuge Test -- 16.4 Centrifuge Test Results -- 16.4.1 Achieved Input Motion. 16.4.2 Investigation of Soil Model.
9783030228187
Electronic books.
TA703-705.4
Model Tests and Numerical Simulations of Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading : Leap-Ucd-2017. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (655 pages)
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Overview Papers -- Chapter 1: LEAP-UCD-2017 V. 1.01 Model Specifications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Differences Between This Paper and Pre-test Specifications -- 1.1.2 Goals and Overview -- 1.2 Scaling Laws -- 1.3 Description of the Model Construction and Instrumentation -- 1.3.1 Soil Material: Ottawa F-65 Sand -- Modified ASTM D4254 Method C for Minimum Dry Density -- Modified Lade et al. (1998) Method for Maximum Density -- 1.3.2 Placement of the Sand by Pluviation -- 1.3.3 Measurement of Density of the Sand -- 1.3.4 Geometry of the Model -- 1.3.5 Saturation of the Model -- 1.4 Instrumentation of the Model -- 1.4.1 Required Instrumentation -- 1.4.2 Displacement Measurements -- Careful Before and After Photographs of the Model and Surface Markers -- Lateral Displacements from Cameras Mounted on the Centrifuge -- Residual Settlements from Pore Pressure Sensors -- Direct Measurements of Sensor and Surface Marker Locations -- Colored Sand Layers, Noodles, and Sensor Locations During Dissection -- Settlement Gage Sensors -- Tactile Pressure Sensors -- 1.5 Cone Penetration Testing -- 1.6 Shear Wave Velocity -- 1.7 Ground Motions -- 1.7.1 Destructive Ground Motions -- 1.7.2 Nondestructive Ground Motions -- 1.7.3 Assessment of Tapered Sine Wave (TSW) Ground Motions -- 1.8 Data Reporting Anticipated Plan/Concept -- 1.8.1 New Leap Database -- 1.8.2 Dynamic Shaking Sensor Data -- 1.8.3 Pore Pressure Long-Term Time Series Data -- 1.8.4 Summary of Other Anticipated Report Requirements to Be Detailed in a Separate Document -- References -- Chapter 2: Grain Size Analysis and Maximum and Minimum Dry Density Testing of Ottawa F-65 Sand for LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 2.1 Background and Introduction -- 2.2 Grain Size Analysis -- 2.2.1 Discussion of Grain Size Analyses -- 2.3 Minimum and Maximum Index Dry Density. 2.3.1 LEAP Minimum Density Procedure -- 2.3.2 LEAP Maximum Density Procedure -- 2.3.3 Results of Index Dry Density Testing -- 2.3.4 Discussion of Minimum Density -- 2.3.5 Discussion of Maximum Density -- 2.4 Testing Results Effect on Relative Density -- 2.5 Measurements by ASTM Method -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ottawa F65 Sand -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ottawa F65 Soil Characterization -- 3.2.1 Specific Gravity Tests -- 3.2.2 Particle Size Distribution Analysis -- 3.2.3 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 3.2.4 Maximum and Minimum Void Ratios -- 3.3 Cyclic Triaxial Tests -- 3.3.1 Experiment Procedures -- 3.3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3.3 Summary of Experimental Results and Observations -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: LEAP-UCD-2017 Comparison of Centrifuge Test Results -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Densities and Penetration Resistances -- 4.3 Base Input Motions in First Destructive Motion -- 4.4 Acceleration Response of Soil Layers in First Destructive Motion -- 4.5 Displacement Response of the Soil Layers in First Destructive Motion -- 4.6 Pore Pressure Response of Soil Layers in First Destructive Motion -- 4.7 Correlations Between Displacement, Dr, and IMs -- 4.7.1 Rationale for Scaling Between PGA and CSR for Simplified Procedure -- 4.8 Correlations Between Excess Pore Pressures, Dr, and IMs -- 4.9 Correlations Between Peak Cyclic Displacements, Dr, and IMs -- 4.10 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Archiving of Experimental Data for LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Accessing Published LEAP-UCD-2017 Data in DesignSafe -- 5.2.1 General Report File: 1_ExperimentStrenDemPerfSummary_v11b.xlsx -- 5.2.2 General Report File: 2a_AllTestsCompared_24TestsPerPage.pdf -- 5.2.3 General Report Folder: 2b_AllTestsCompared_24TestsPerPage_OnePagePerFile. 5.2.4 General Report File: 3_AllSensorDataFromAllTests.pdf -- 5.2.5 General Report File: 4_Version1.01_LEAP UCD2017_SpecsforExperiments.docx -- 5.2.6 General Report File: 5_Version_0.99_2017_CentrifugeTestTemplate.xlsx -- 5.2.7 General Report Folder: 6_LEAP-UCD-2017 Cone Penetrometer Equipment Details -- 5.2.8 General Report Folder: 7_Videos of Max and Min Density Tests -- 5.2.9 General Report File: 8_Dec2017WorkshopHandout.pdf -- 5.3 Detailed Data for Each Model Test -- 5.3.1 Selecting an Experiment Site -- 5.3.2 Model Configuration Data -- 5.3.3 Sensor Information -- 5.4 Working Directory for Data LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Comparison of LEAP-UCD-2017 CPT Results -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Design -- 6.3 LEAP-UCD-2017 Experiment -- 6.4 Depth at Which the Cone Tip Touches the Surface (Depth of Zero Penetration) -- 6.5 Effects of Scale Factor and Container Width -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Difference and Sensitivity Analyses of the LEAP-2017 Experiments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experiment Overview -- 7.3 Difference Metrics -- 7.3.1 Input Motion Differences -- 7.3.2 Response Motion Differences -- 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 7.4.1 Acceleration Sensitivity -- 7.4.2 Permanent Displacement Sensitivity -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: LEAP-2017 Simulation Exercise: Overview of Guidelines for the Element Test Simulations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Soil Characterization and Element Tests -- 8.2.1 LEAP-2017 Tests -- 8.2.2 Additional Available Element Tests on Ottawa Sand -- 8.3 Model Calibration Report by Simulation Teams -- 8.3.1 Model Description -- 8.3.2 Model Parameters -- 8.3.3 Calibration Method -- 8.3.4 Liquefaction Strength Curves -- 8.4 Simulation Results -- 8.4.1 Results Data Files -- 8.4.2 Matlab Scripts -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References. Chapter 9: LEAP-2017 Simulation Exercise: Calibration of Constitutive Models and Simulation of the Element Tests -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Numerical Simulation Teams -- 9.3 Summary of the Element Test Simulations -- 9.4 Liquefaction Strength Curves -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: LEAP-2017: Comparison of the Type-B Numerical Simulations with Centrifuge Test Results -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 LEAP-2017 Centrifuge Experiments -- 10.3 Type-B Numerical Simulations -- 10.4 Summary of Type-B Simulations Results -- 10.4.1 Excess Pore Water Pressure Time Histories -- 10.4.2 Acceleration Time Histories and Spectral Accelerations -- 10.4.3 Lateral Displacements -- 10.5 Overall Performance of Numerical Simulations -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Numerical Sensitivity Study Compared to Trend of Experiments for LEAP-UCD-2017 -- 11.1 Description of the Requested Sensitivity Study -- 11.2 Characterization of Displacements from Experiments -- 11.3 2D Comparisons of Experimental Regression Surfaces to Numerical Simulations -- 11.4 Error Measures and Ranking of Numerical Simulations -- 11.5 3-D Comparison of Simulations to Experimental Regression Surfaces -- 11.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Centrifuge Experiment Papers -- Chapter 12: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Tests at Cambridge -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Experiment Setup -- 12.2.1 Sand Pouring -- 12.2.2 Viscosity Measurement -- 12.2.3 Saturation -- 12.2.4 Slope Cutting -- 12.2.5 CPT -- 12.3 Destructive Motions -- 12.4 CPT Strength Profiles -- 12.5 PIV -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Test at University of California, Davis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 UC Davis Test Specific Information -- 13.2.1 Description of the Model and Instrumentation -- 13.2.2 Sensors -- 13.2.3 Scaling Laws -- 13.3 Test Results. 13.3.1 Achieved Ground Motions -- 13.3.2 Accelerometer Records During Destructive Motions -- 13.3.3 Excess Pore Pressures -- 13.3.4 Cone Penetration Tests -- 13.3.5 Surface Marker Surveys -- 13.4 Nonconformities with Specifications -- 13.5 Advancements in Centrifuge Testing -- 13.6 Method of Measuring Density -- 13.7 Pore Fluid Viscosity and Saturation -- 13.7.1 Pore Fluid Viscosity -- 13.7.2 Model Saturation -- 13.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: LEAP-2017 Centrifuge Test at Ehime University -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Centrifuge at Ehime University -- 14.3 Centrifuge Model -- 14.3.1 Model Description -- 14.3.2 Sand -- 14.3.3 Placement of Sand -- 14.3.4 Saturation -- 14.3.5 Test Procedure -- 14.4 Results -- 14.4.1 Shear Wave Velocity -- 14.4.2 Input Acceleration -- 14.4.3 Excess Pore Pressure Response -- 14.4.4 Liquefaction Triggering -- 14.4.5 Deformation of the Model -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Test at IFSTTAR -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 As Built Model -- 15.2.1 Soil Material and Placement of the Sand by Pluviation -- 15.2.2 Rigid Container Configuration and Sensor Layout -- 15.2.3 Viscosity of Pore Fluid -- 15.2.4 Saturation Process -- 15.3 Achieved Ground Motions -- 15.3.1 Horizontal Component -- 15.3.2 Vertical Component -- 15.4 Results -- 15.4.1 Pore Pressure and Acceleration Responses -- 15.4.2 Surface Maker Response -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: LEAP-UCD-2017 Centrifuge Test at KAIST -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Centrifuge Facility and Earthquake Simulator at KAIST -- 16.3 Physical Modeling -- 16.3.1 Soil Material and Density -- 16.3.2 Viscous Fluid -- 16.3.3 Model Description and Instrumentations -- 16.3.4 Saturation and Container Modifications -- 16.3.5 Sequence of the Centrifuge Test -- 16.4 Centrifuge Test Results -- 16.4.1 Achieved Input Motion. 16.4.2 Investigation of Soil Model.
9783030228187
Electronic books.
TA703-705.4