Loss and Damage from Climate Change : Concepts, Methods and Policy Options.
Mechler, Reinhard.
Loss and Damage from Climate Change : Concepts, Methods and Policy Options. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (563 pages) - Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Series . - Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Series .
Intro -- Foreword I: Perspective from Saint Lucia -- Foreword II: Perspective of Germany -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Setting the Stage: Key Concepts, Challenges and Insights -- 1 Science for Loss and Damage. Findings and Propositions -- 1.1 Understanding and Reviewing the Evidence for Advancing Science and Policy -- 1.2 Evolution of the Policy Discourse -- 1.3 The Research Perspective: Definitions and Concepts -- 1.3.1 Defining Losses and Damages -- 1.3.2 Loss and Damage in the Context of Climate and Disaster Risk Management -- 1.4 A Broadening Research Landscape-Chapter Summaries -- 1.4.1 Setting the Stage: Key Concepts, Challenges and Insights -- 1.4.2 Critical Issues Shaping the Discourse -- 1.4.3 Research and Practice: Reviewing Methods and Tools -- 1.4.4 Geographic Perspectives and Cases -- 1.4.5 Policy Options and Other Response Mechanisms for the LampD Discourse -- 1.5 From Findings to Propositions for the Loss and Damage Debate -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 The Ethical Challenges in the Context of Climate Loss and Damage -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Two Approaches to Distinguish Between Adaptation and LampD -- 2.3 Neither Compensation Nor Liability Under the UNFCCC -- 2.4 Categorising LampD Measures to Differentiate Responsibilities -- 2.5 Differentiating Responsibilities for LampD Measures -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Observed and Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Impacts from Extreme Weather -- 3.1.2 Extreme Weather Impacts and Loss and Damage -- 3.2 Observed Changes in Weather Extremes -- 3.3 Observed Impacts Based on Disaster Loss Records -- 3.3.1 Loss Data and Normalisation -- 3.3.2 Analysis of Loss Trends -- 3.3.3 Interpretation of Drivers of Losses -- 3.4 Projections of Future Extreme Weather Losses. References -- 4 The Risk and Policy Space for Loss and Damage: Integrating Notions of Distributive and Compensatory Justice with Comprehensive Climate Risk Management -- 4.1 Tackling Climate-Related Risk in a Contested Policy Context -- 4.2 Building Blocks of a Principled Framework for Loss and Damage -- 4.2.1 Risk Identification: Analytics for Defining Avoidable and Unavoidable Losses and Damages -- 4.2.2 Climate Attribution of Unavoidable Losses and Damages: Establishing a Role for Climate Justice -- 4.2.3 Risk Evaluation: Considering Risk Preference and Risk Tolerance for Identifying Soft and Hard Adaptation Limits -- 4.3 An Actionable Framework for Outlining the Risk and Policy Options Space for Loss and Damage -- 4.3.1 The Loss and Damage Risk and Options Space -- 4.4 Identifying the Space for Loss and Damage: An Application -- 4.4.1 From Risk Identification to Risk Evaluation: Risk Layering and Risk Tolerance -- 4.5 Implications for Research and Policy -- References -- Critical Issues Shaping the Discourse -- 5 Attribution: How Is It Relevant for Loss and Damage Policy and Practice? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Attribution in the Context of LampD: Why Is Attribution a Critical Issue? -- 5.2.1 Recurring Questions: Is This Really About Anthropogenic Climate Change? -- 5.2.2 Questions with Political Implications: Controversy and Ambiguity in the Negotiations -- 5.2.3 Perspectives from Practitioners: Is It More Pragmatic to Avoid Isolating Anthropogenic Climate Change Impacts from Other Losses and Damages? -- 5.2.4 A Challenge for Science-Policy Dialogue -- 5.3 The Science of Attribution: What Kind of Evidence Is Available About the Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on LampD? -- 5.3.1 Attribution of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events to Anthropogenic Forcing -- 5.3.2 Attribution of Climate Change Impacts. 5.3.3 Attributing Anthropogenic Forcing to Regions, Countries, and Sectors -- 5.3.4 Assessing and Analysing Losses and Damages from Disasters -- 5.4 Policy Implications: How Might Attribution Science Be Applied to Support Actions to Address Losses and Damages? -- 5.4.1 Catalysing Action -- 5.4.2 Providing Evidence for Liability and Compensation -- 5.4.3 Informing the Distribution of Adaptation or LampD Funding -- 5.4.4 Analysing Drivers of LampD to Inform Practical Actions to Avert, Minimise, and Address Losses and Damages -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 The Politics of (and Behind) the UNFCCC's Loss and Damage Mechanism -- 6.1 Foundations for an International Relations' Contribution to the Debate -- 6.2 Positioning of LampD in the UNFCCC Negotiations -- 6.3 Actors and Positions in the LampD Debate -- 6.3.1 Developing Countries and Their Representative Groups -- 6.3.2 Developed Countries -- 6.3.3 NGOs -- 6.3.4 The Private Sector and the Insurance Industry -- 6.4 The LampD Negotiation Process Through the Lenses of IR Theories -- 6.4.1 Neorealism -- 6.4.2 Liberalism -- 6.4.3 Constructivism -- 6.5 From Theory to Practice: Next Steps and Key Questions for Moving the LampD Discourse Forward -- References -- 7 Legal Responses to Climate Change Induced Loss and Damage -- 7.1 Introduction and Preliminary Notes -- 7.2 National Laws -- 7.2.1 Public Law Litigation -- 7.2.2 Private Law Litigation -- 7.3 Regional and International Human Rights Law -- 7.4 Customary International Law -- 7.4.1 The Obligation of States Not to Cause Serious Environmental Harm -- 7.4.2 State Responsibility Following a Breach of the No-Harm Principle -- 7.4.3 Relationship Between the Climate Regime and the No-Harm Principle -- 7.5 The International Climate Law Regime -- 7.5.1 An Ambivalent Recognition of Responsibilities -- 7.5.2 The Workstream and Mechanism on Loss and Damage. 7.6 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 8 Non-economic Loss and Damage and the Warsaw International Mechanism -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 NELD-Causal Pathways and Examples -- 8.3 Conceptualising NELD -- 8.3.1 Context-Dependence -- 8.3.2 Incommensurability -- 8.4 Developing Solutions -- 8.4.1 Avoiding and Reducing NELD -- 8.4.2 Responding to Unavoided NELD -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services and Resulting Losses and Damages to People and Society -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Role of Ecosystem Services -- 9.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services-Current Knowledge -- 9.4 Case Study: Multi-annual Drought in the Drylands of the Sahel -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Displacement and Resettlement: Understanding the Role of Climate Change in Contemporary Migration -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Defining and Measuring Migration -- 10.2.1 Definitions -- 10.2.2 Measurement -- 10.3 Understanding Resettlement -- 10.4 Case Studies of Environmental Migration -- 10.4.1 Sea-Level Rise in Pacific Island States -- 10.4.2 Cyclonic Storms -- 10.4.3 The Desertification of West Africa and the Ascendance of Boko Haram -- 10.4.4 The Deforestation of the Southern Cone and the Urbanisation of the Campesino -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Research and Practice: Reviewing Methods and Tools -- 11 The Role of the Physical Sciences in Loss and Damage Decision-Making -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 LampD from a Physical Science Point of View-The Challenges of Assessing the Risk -- 11.2.1 Observed Hazard -- 11.2.2 Projected Changes in Hazard -- 11.3 Challenges for LampD Decision-Making -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Integrated Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation -- 12.1 Introduction: Integrated Climate Risk Management in the Loss and Damage Context. 12.2 Climate Risk Assessment-Case Studies Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City -- 12.3 Cost-Benefit and Multi-criteria Analysis of Risk Management Options-Case Studies from Ho Chi Minh City and The Netherlands -- 12.4 Individual (Household) Level Natural Disaster Risk Reduction-Case Studies Germany and Mexico -- 12.5 Natural Disaster Insurance and Incentives for Risk Reduction-Case Study Germany -- 12.6 Design of Adaptation Pathways with Policy Makers-Case Studies New Zealand and Bangladesh -- 12.7 Synthesis -- References -- 13 Exploring and Managing Adaptation Frontiers with Climate Risk Insurance -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Decision-Making Under Climate Risks -- 13.3 Insurance Related Instruments as Navigation Tools for Adaptation Frontiers -- 13.3.1 Insurance as Part of a Risk Signalling Mechanism -- 13.3.2 Improving Ex-Ante Decision Making with Insurance -- 13.3.3 Insurance as a Support Tool for Actors to Remain in the Tolerable Risk Space -- 13.4 The Need for Comprehensive Risk Management and the Limits of Insurance: Seven Principles to Design Effective Pro-poor Insurance Products -- 13.4.1 Limits of Insurance -- 13.4.2 Seven Principles to Design Effective Pro-poor Insurance Solutions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Integrated Assessment for Identifying Climate Finance Needs for Loss and Damage: A Critical Review -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Estimation of Residual Damages in Economic Integrated Assessment Modelling -- 14.2.1 IAM-Methods and Models -- 14.2.2 IAM Mechanics: Relation Between Adaptation Expenditures, Loss and Damage and Residual Costs -- 14.3 Estimating Residual Damages as a Measure of Loss and Damage -- 14.3.1 Model Set-Up -- 14.3.2 Results -- 14.3.3 Implications of Higher Emissions and Greater Climate Impacts on Residual Damages -- 14.4 Discussion of Results. 14.5 Uncertainties in the Estimation of Future Damages from Climate Change in IAMs.
9783319720265
Electronic books.
GE1-350
Loss and Damage from Climate Change : Concepts, Methods and Policy Options. - 1st ed. - 1 online resource (563 pages) - Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Series . - Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Series .
Intro -- Foreword I: Perspective from Saint Lucia -- Foreword II: Perspective of Germany -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Setting the Stage: Key Concepts, Challenges and Insights -- 1 Science for Loss and Damage. Findings and Propositions -- 1.1 Understanding and Reviewing the Evidence for Advancing Science and Policy -- 1.2 Evolution of the Policy Discourse -- 1.3 The Research Perspective: Definitions and Concepts -- 1.3.1 Defining Losses and Damages -- 1.3.2 Loss and Damage in the Context of Climate and Disaster Risk Management -- 1.4 A Broadening Research Landscape-Chapter Summaries -- 1.4.1 Setting the Stage: Key Concepts, Challenges and Insights -- 1.4.2 Critical Issues Shaping the Discourse -- 1.4.3 Research and Practice: Reviewing Methods and Tools -- 1.4.4 Geographic Perspectives and Cases -- 1.4.5 Policy Options and Other Response Mechanisms for the LampD Discourse -- 1.5 From Findings to Propositions for the Loss and Damage Debate -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 The Ethical Challenges in the Context of Climate Loss and Damage -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Two Approaches to Distinguish Between Adaptation and LampD -- 2.3 Neither Compensation Nor Liability Under the UNFCCC -- 2.4 Categorising LampD Measures to Differentiate Responsibilities -- 2.5 Differentiating Responsibilities for LampD Measures -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Observed and Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Impacts from Extreme Weather -- 3.1.2 Extreme Weather Impacts and Loss and Damage -- 3.2 Observed Changes in Weather Extremes -- 3.3 Observed Impacts Based on Disaster Loss Records -- 3.3.1 Loss Data and Normalisation -- 3.3.2 Analysis of Loss Trends -- 3.3.3 Interpretation of Drivers of Losses -- 3.4 Projections of Future Extreme Weather Losses. References -- 4 The Risk and Policy Space for Loss and Damage: Integrating Notions of Distributive and Compensatory Justice with Comprehensive Climate Risk Management -- 4.1 Tackling Climate-Related Risk in a Contested Policy Context -- 4.2 Building Blocks of a Principled Framework for Loss and Damage -- 4.2.1 Risk Identification: Analytics for Defining Avoidable and Unavoidable Losses and Damages -- 4.2.2 Climate Attribution of Unavoidable Losses and Damages: Establishing a Role for Climate Justice -- 4.2.3 Risk Evaluation: Considering Risk Preference and Risk Tolerance for Identifying Soft and Hard Adaptation Limits -- 4.3 An Actionable Framework for Outlining the Risk and Policy Options Space for Loss and Damage -- 4.3.1 The Loss and Damage Risk and Options Space -- 4.4 Identifying the Space for Loss and Damage: An Application -- 4.4.1 From Risk Identification to Risk Evaluation: Risk Layering and Risk Tolerance -- 4.5 Implications for Research and Policy -- References -- Critical Issues Shaping the Discourse -- 5 Attribution: How Is It Relevant for Loss and Damage Policy and Practice? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Attribution in the Context of LampD: Why Is Attribution a Critical Issue? -- 5.2.1 Recurring Questions: Is This Really About Anthropogenic Climate Change? -- 5.2.2 Questions with Political Implications: Controversy and Ambiguity in the Negotiations -- 5.2.3 Perspectives from Practitioners: Is It More Pragmatic to Avoid Isolating Anthropogenic Climate Change Impacts from Other Losses and Damages? -- 5.2.4 A Challenge for Science-Policy Dialogue -- 5.3 The Science of Attribution: What Kind of Evidence Is Available About the Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on LampD? -- 5.3.1 Attribution of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events to Anthropogenic Forcing -- 5.3.2 Attribution of Climate Change Impacts. 5.3.3 Attributing Anthropogenic Forcing to Regions, Countries, and Sectors -- 5.3.4 Assessing and Analysing Losses and Damages from Disasters -- 5.4 Policy Implications: How Might Attribution Science Be Applied to Support Actions to Address Losses and Damages? -- 5.4.1 Catalysing Action -- 5.4.2 Providing Evidence for Liability and Compensation -- 5.4.3 Informing the Distribution of Adaptation or LampD Funding -- 5.4.4 Analysing Drivers of LampD to Inform Practical Actions to Avert, Minimise, and Address Losses and Damages -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 The Politics of (and Behind) the UNFCCC's Loss and Damage Mechanism -- 6.1 Foundations for an International Relations' Contribution to the Debate -- 6.2 Positioning of LampD in the UNFCCC Negotiations -- 6.3 Actors and Positions in the LampD Debate -- 6.3.1 Developing Countries and Their Representative Groups -- 6.3.2 Developed Countries -- 6.3.3 NGOs -- 6.3.4 The Private Sector and the Insurance Industry -- 6.4 The LampD Negotiation Process Through the Lenses of IR Theories -- 6.4.1 Neorealism -- 6.4.2 Liberalism -- 6.4.3 Constructivism -- 6.5 From Theory to Practice: Next Steps and Key Questions for Moving the LampD Discourse Forward -- References -- 7 Legal Responses to Climate Change Induced Loss and Damage -- 7.1 Introduction and Preliminary Notes -- 7.2 National Laws -- 7.2.1 Public Law Litigation -- 7.2.2 Private Law Litigation -- 7.3 Regional and International Human Rights Law -- 7.4 Customary International Law -- 7.4.1 The Obligation of States Not to Cause Serious Environmental Harm -- 7.4.2 State Responsibility Following a Breach of the No-Harm Principle -- 7.4.3 Relationship Between the Climate Regime and the No-Harm Principle -- 7.5 The International Climate Law Regime -- 7.5.1 An Ambivalent Recognition of Responsibilities -- 7.5.2 The Workstream and Mechanism on Loss and Damage. 7.6 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 8 Non-economic Loss and Damage and the Warsaw International Mechanism -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 NELD-Causal Pathways and Examples -- 8.3 Conceptualising NELD -- 8.3.1 Context-Dependence -- 8.3.2 Incommensurability -- 8.4 Developing Solutions -- 8.4.1 Avoiding and Reducing NELD -- 8.4.2 Responding to Unavoided NELD -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services and Resulting Losses and Damages to People and Society -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Role of Ecosystem Services -- 9.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services-Current Knowledge -- 9.4 Case Study: Multi-annual Drought in the Drylands of the Sahel -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Displacement and Resettlement: Understanding the Role of Climate Change in Contemporary Migration -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Defining and Measuring Migration -- 10.2.1 Definitions -- 10.2.2 Measurement -- 10.3 Understanding Resettlement -- 10.4 Case Studies of Environmental Migration -- 10.4.1 Sea-Level Rise in Pacific Island States -- 10.4.2 Cyclonic Storms -- 10.4.3 The Desertification of West Africa and the Ascendance of Boko Haram -- 10.4.4 The Deforestation of the Southern Cone and the Urbanisation of the Campesino -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Research and Practice: Reviewing Methods and Tools -- 11 The Role of the Physical Sciences in Loss and Damage Decision-Making -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 LampD from a Physical Science Point of View-The Challenges of Assessing the Risk -- 11.2.1 Observed Hazard -- 11.2.2 Projected Changes in Hazard -- 11.3 Challenges for LampD Decision-Making -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Integrated Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation -- 12.1 Introduction: Integrated Climate Risk Management in the Loss and Damage Context. 12.2 Climate Risk Assessment-Case Studies Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City -- 12.3 Cost-Benefit and Multi-criteria Analysis of Risk Management Options-Case Studies from Ho Chi Minh City and The Netherlands -- 12.4 Individual (Household) Level Natural Disaster Risk Reduction-Case Studies Germany and Mexico -- 12.5 Natural Disaster Insurance and Incentives for Risk Reduction-Case Study Germany -- 12.6 Design of Adaptation Pathways with Policy Makers-Case Studies New Zealand and Bangladesh -- 12.7 Synthesis -- References -- 13 Exploring and Managing Adaptation Frontiers with Climate Risk Insurance -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Decision-Making Under Climate Risks -- 13.3 Insurance Related Instruments as Navigation Tools for Adaptation Frontiers -- 13.3.1 Insurance as Part of a Risk Signalling Mechanism -- 13.3.2 Improving Ex-Ante Decision Making with Insurance -- 13.3.3 Insurance as a Support Tool for Actors to Remain in the Tolerable Risk Space -- 13.4 The Need for Comprehensive Risk Management and the Limits of Insurance: Seven Principles to Design Effective Pro-poor Insurance Products -- 13.4.1 Limits of Insurance -- 13.4.2 Seven Principles to Design Effective Pro-poor Insurance Solutions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Integrated Assessment for Identifying Climate Finance Needs for Loss and Damage: A Critical Review -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Estimation of Residual Damages in Economic Integrated Assessment Modelling -- 14.2.1 IAM-Methods and Models -- 14.2.2 IAM Mechanics: Relation Between Adaptation Expenditures, Loss and Damage and Residual Costs -- 14.3 Estimating Residual Damages as a Measure of Loss and Damage -- 14.3.1 Model Set-Up -- 14.3.2 Results -- 14.3.3 Implications of Higher Emissions and Greater Climate Impacts on Residual Damages -- 14.4 Discussion of Results. 14.5 Uncertainties in the Estimation of Future Damages from Climate Change in IAMs.
9783319720265
Electronic books.
GE1-350